Fleece characters and their influence on wool production per unit area of skin in Merino sheep

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
SSY Young ◽  
RE Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fibre Density ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Staple Length

The variations in fleece characters and the dependence of wool production per unit area of skin on these characters were studied with 15 sheep in both a medium and a strong-wool strain of Merino. Small but significant differences in staple length and fibre diameter were found between regions on the body, whereas differences in density were large. The variation in density was about three times as large as those in staple length and fibre diameter. Distinct dorsoventral and anteroposterior gradients over the body existed for fibre density, but not for staple length and fibre diameter. The influences of the fleece characters on wool production per unit area were somewhat different in the two strains, and changed with level of production. Among the medium-wool sheep, fibre density had the largest effect on production, with staple length less and mean fibre cross-sectional area least. Among the strong-wool sheep, length was more important than density, which in turn was more important than fibre cross-sectional area. The combined data indicated that as mean wool weight per unit area increased, the influence of density rose to a maximum and then diminished, whereupon mean fibre volume became the main contributor to wool weight. For different positions on the body of individual sheep, the dependence of wool production per unit area on the fleece characters was found to be similar in the two strains. Fibre density had the major effect in determining the level of production, whereas the influences of staple length and fibre area were negligible.

Methods of analysis and the influence of fleece characters on unit area wool production of Romney lambs

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Henderson ◽  
BI Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Fibre Number

Investigation has been made of the influence of fibre number per unit area (N), cross-sectional area of fibre (A), and fibre length (L), on wool production per unit area of skin (W). The influence of the compound characters fibre volume (V) and proportion of skin area occupied by fibre (0) has also been considered. Methods are given whereby the significance of the variation associated with any one of these interacting components can be assessed. Data from four groups of lambs were analysed, each group having been subjected to a different nutritional regime. Slightly more than three-quarters of the variation induced in W by these treatments was due to variation in L, with N and A having negligible effects. No evidence was found that the relative influence of the components changed with change in level of production. Differences in W between lambs on the same nutritional level were influenced almost equally by variation in N and L, with A again having a negligible effect. Of the variation in W between positions on lambs, approximately 50 per cent. was accounted for by variation in N, 40 per cent. by variation in A, and 10 per cent. by variation in L. Variation of the compound character O accounted for nearly 90 per cent. of the variation in W over the body.

Studies on the muscless of meat animals:V. Inter- and intra-litter differences in the composition of Longissimus dorsi muscles from pigs

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lawrie ◽  
D. P. Gatherum
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Large White ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Litter Mate

1. The percentage of intramuscular fat (and its iodine number), of moisture (fat-free), and of total, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, stroma and non-protein nitrogens in lumbar 1. dorsi muscles, and their ultimate pH, fibre diameter, cross-sectional area and weight (both absolutely and as a percentage of the total musculature) were determined at bacon weight in two male and two female litter-mate pigs from each of four pure-bred sows mated with one boar of the same breed. Such data were obtained for pigs of Large White, Landrace and Welsh breeds.

Correlation between the Minimal Cross-Sectional Area of the Nasal Cavity and Body Surface Area: Preliminary Results in Normal Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jurlina ◽  
Ranko Mladina ◽  
Krsto Dawidowsky ◽  
Davor Ivanković ◽  
Zeljko Bumber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Nasal symptoms often are inconsistent with rhinoscopic findings. However, the proper diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathology requires an objective evaluation of the narrow segments of the anterior part of the nasal cavities (minimal cross-sectional area [MCSA]). The problem is that the value of MCSA is not a unique parameter for the entire population, but rather it is a distinctive value for particular subject (or smaller groups of subjects). Consequently, there is a need for MCSA values to be standardized in a simple way that facilitates the comparison of results and the selection of our treatment regimens. We examined a group of 157 healthy subjects with normal nasal function. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body surface area and MCSA at the level of the nasal isthmus and the head of the inferior turbinate. The age of subjects was not found a statistically significant predictor for the value of MCSA. The results show that the expected value of MCSA can be calculated for every subject based on anthropometric data of height and weight.

The Vertical Mean Force and Moment of Submerged Bodies Under Waves

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Lee ◽  
J. N. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Added Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slender Body ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

A neutrally buoyant slender body of arbitrary sectional form, submerged beneath a free surface, is free to respond to an incident plane progressive wave system. The fluid is assumed inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous and infinitely deep. The first-order oscillatory motion of the body and the second-order time-average vertical force and pitching moment acting on the body are obtained in terms of Kochin's function. By use of slender-body theory for a deeply submerged body, the final expressions for the mean force and the moment are shown to depend on the longitudinal distribution of sectional area and added mass and on the amplitude and the frequency of the ambient surface waves. The magnitude of the mean force for various simple geometric cylinders is compared with that of a circular cylinder of equal cross-sectional area. The mean force on a nonaxisymmetric body is often approximated by replacing the section with circular profiles of equivalent cross-sectional area. A better scheme of approximation is presented, based on a simple way of estimating the two-dimensional added mass. It is expected that the effect of the cross-sectional geometry on mean vertical force and moment will be more significant when the body is very close to the free surface.

scholarly journals Enterochromaffin Cells and Mast Cells in Acute Appendicitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Bhavya P. Mohan ◽  
K.P. Aravindan
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Ec Cells

Abstract Background and Objective Serotonin levels are increased in acute appendicitis. We investigated the possible source of this increase. The aim of this study was to compare the distribution and density of epithelial and nonepithelial enterochromaffin (EC) cells as well as numbers of degranulated and nondegranulated mast cells in different layers of normal appendices and acute appendicitis. Methods Sections from 15 cases of acute appendicitis and 10 cases where the appendix was morphologically normal were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Toluidine blue, and immunohistochemically for chromogranin and CD-117. EC cells stained by chromogranin were counted per crypt and extraepithelial EC cells counted and expressed as cells per unit area (mm2). Mast cells stained by Toluidine blue and CD-117 were counted in lamina propria, submucosa, and muscle layers. The difference between Toluidine blue and CD117 stained mast cells was taken to be an estimate of degranulated cells. The cell counts were expressed per unit area (mm2) as well as per cross-sectional area of the appendix. Results There was no statistically significant difference in epithelial and extraepithelial EC cells between acute appendicitis and normal appendix. Estimated mast cell degranulation as indicated by mast cell counts per cross-sectional area is greatly increased in acute appendicitis when compared with normal. Conclusion Degranulated mast cells rather than EC cells may be the main source of raised serotonin in acute appendicitis.

CFD Solution of a Two-Canopy Parachute in a Top-to-Top Formation With a Vent of Air From One of Its Canopy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad J. Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bluff Bodies ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Varied Form ◽  
Two Bodies

A CFD study of a 3 Dimensional flow field around two bodies (Two Canopies of a Parachutes) as two bluff bodies in an incompressible fluid (Air) is modeled here. Formations of these two bodies are top-to-top (One on the top of the other) with respect to the center of each other. One canopy with a constant cross sectional area with a vent of air at its apex, and the other with a variable cross sectional area with no vent is studied here. Vertical distances of these two bodies are varied form zero to half, equal, double and triple radius of the body with a vent on it. The flow condition is considered to be 3-D, unsteady, turbulent, and incompressible. The vertical distances between the bluff bodies, cross sectional area, and also vent ratio of bluff bodies are varied here. The drag forces with static pressures around the two bodies are calculated. From the numerical results, it can be seen that, the drag coefficient is constant on the range of zero to twenty percent of the vent ratio and it decreases for higher vent ratios for when the upper parachute is smaller than the lower one, and it increases for when the upper parachute is larger than the lower one. Both Steady and Unsteady cases gave similar results especially when the distance between the canopies is increased.

scholarly journals The Effects of Hypergravity on Xenopus Embryo Growth and Cardiac Hypertrophy

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1 and 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce Duchman ◽  
Darrell Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Organism Growth ◽  
Ventricle Size ◽  
Average Body

All life on earth has developed and evolved in a unity gravity (1G) environment. Any deviation below or above 1G could affect animal development, a period when much change occurs and sensitivity is high. We imposed simulated hypergravity through centrifugation and analyzed the effects on the overall body length and cardiac growth of Xenopus laevis embryos. We predicted that increased contractile force would be required from the heart to adequately circulate blood, dispersing nutrients, and that this would inhibit organism growth and possibly induce a state of hypertrophy. Embryos reaching gastrulation stage were exposed to a 7G or 1G (control) field via centrifugation for 96 hours. We then recorded behavior, mortality and took body length measurements. We found no significant differences in behavior or mortality, however, body length was significantly reduced by an average of 6.8% in the 7G group. We then fixed, embedded, sectioned and stained embryos in order to investigate the dimensions of cardiac tissue and of the cardiac region of the body using image analysis software. We found the 7G group had a significantly reduced average body cross-sectional area (-18%) and yet a significantly larger ventricular cross-sectional area (+36%) when compared to the 1G group. The average ratio of ventricle cross-sectional area to average body cross-sectional area was significantly higher in the 7G group when compared to the 1G. From these data, we conclude that hypergravity has a significant inhibitory impact on the Xenopus laevis embryo growth and causes a significant increase in ventricle size.

scholarly journals An Analytical Simulation of Boundary Roughness for Incompressible Viscous Flows

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
John Venetis
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Deformable Body ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Random Roughness ◽  
Analytical Simulation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Boundary Roughness

The intention of this paper is to investigate the boundary roughness of a mounted obstacle which is inserted into an incompressible, external and viscous flow field of a Newtonian fluid. In particular, the present study focuses on the cross – sectional area of the obstacle, which is assumed to be a non deformable body (rigid object) with a predefined shape of random roughness. For facility reasons and without violating the generality, one may select the cross – section of the body which contains its center of gravity and is perpendicular to the main flow direction. The boundary of this cross – sectional area is mathematically simulated as the polygonal path of the length of a single – valued continuous function. Evidently, this function should be of bounded variation. The novelty of this work is that the formulation of the random roughness of the boundary has been carried out in a deterministic manner.

Numerical Effect of Airflow From a Lower Canopy (Bluff Body) Into an Upper Canopy in Steady and Turbulent Condition

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad J. Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Drag Force ◽  
Bluff Body ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bluff Bodies ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Varied Form ◽  
Two Bodies

In this paper, a 3-D flow field around two bluff bodies in an incompressible fluid is modeled [1]. Formations of these two bodies are top to top (One on the top of the other) with respect to the center of each other. The lower on has a constant cross sectional area with a vent of air at its apex and the upper one has a variable cross sectional area with no vent on it. The vertical distances between the bluff bodies, the cross sectional area, and also the vent ratio of bluff bodies are varied here. Vertical distances of these two bodies are varied form zero to half, equal, double and triple the radius of the body with a vent on it (lower body). Flow condition is considered 3D, steady, turbulent, and incompressible. The drag force on each body and also the pressure around the two bodies are calculated. From the numerical results, it can be seen that, the drag force is constant over the range of zero to twenty percent of the vent ratios and for higher vent ratios when the upper bluff body is smaller than the lower one the drag force decreased, and it increased when the upper bluff body is larger than the lower one.

Wool fibre tenacity and its relationship to staple strength

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Gourdie ◽  
DFG Orwin ◽  
S Ranford ◽  
DA Ross
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Breaking Load ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Staple Strength ◽  
Axial Splitting

Wool fibre tenacity and its relationship to staple strength was studied in a pen-feeding trial of 40 New Zealand Romney ewes. A method for estimating fibre tenacity is described based on normalizing fibre breaking load by cross-sectional area measured on fibre fracture-surfaces. The validity of this protocol was demonstrated by showing that (i) fibre diameter measured at the point of rupture was not significantly (P > 0.05) changed by breaking, and (ii) that the tenacity estimate was not significantly (P > 0.05) correlated with cross-sectional area variation along fibres, and (iii) showed lower fibre-to-fibre variation than other accepted measures of intrinsic material strength. The majority (83.5%) of the 1200 fibres broken in this study cleaved in smooth-planed fractures normal to the long axis of the fibre, the remaining fibres demonstrated axial-splitting following rupture. Tenacity did not differ significantly between the two break-types (P > 0.05). Tenacity demonstrated small negative correlations (P < 0.05) with fibre cross-sectional area and ellipticity. No change in tenacity (P > 0.05) occurred within fine, slow-growing 'wool-break' regions and tenacity did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) between body sites on sheep. Tenacity showed no significant variation (P > 0.05) with differential winter feeding, but significant variations (P < 0.01) of wool tenacity occurred between sheep. The sheepto-sheep differences in tenacity showed significant relationships with two indices of staple strength, work (P < 0.01) and peak-force (P < 0.01). Variability in fibre tenacity between sheep and its relationship to staple strength may provide some explanation of the origin of 'tender' and 'sound' wools.

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