scholarly journals Towards a new phenotype for tick resistance in beef and dairy cattle: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Burrow ◽  
Ben J. Mans ◽  
Fernando F. Cardoso ◽  
Michael A. Birkett ◽  
Andrew C. Kotze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cattle Management ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Tick Resistance

About 80% of the world’s cattle are affected by ticks and tick-borne diseases, both of which cause significant production losses. Cattle host resistance to ticks is the most important factor affecting the economics of tick control, but it is largely neglected in tick-control programs due to technical difficulties and costs associated with identifying individual-animal variation in resistance. The present paper reviews the scientific literature to identify factors affecting resistance of cattle to ticks and the biological mechanisms of host tick resistance, to develop alternative phenotype(s) for tick resistance. If new cost-effective phenotype(s) can be developed and validated, then tick resistance of cattle could be genetically improved using genomic selection, and incorporated into breeding objectives to simultaneously improve cattle productive attributes and tick resistance. The phenotype(s) could also be used to improve tick control by using cattle management. On the basis of the present review, it is recommended that three possible phenotypes (haemolytic analysis; measures of skin hypersensitivity reactions; simplified artificial tick infestations) be further developed to determine their practical feasibility for consistently, cost-effectively and reliably measuring cattle tick resistance in thousands of individual animals in commercial and smallholder farmer herds in tropical and subtropical areas globally. During evaluation of these potential new phenotypes, additional measurements should be included to determine the possibility of developing a volatile-based resistance phenotype, to simultaneously improve cattle resistance to both ticks and biting flies. Because the current measurements of volatile chemistry do not satisfy the requirements of a simple, cost-effective phenotype for use in commercial cattle herds, consideration should also be given to inclusion of potentially simpler measures to enable indirect genetic selection for volatile-based resistance to ticks.

A ten-year review of commercial vaccine performance for control of tick infestations on cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Consuelo Almazán ◽  
Mario Canales ◽  
José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra ◽  
Katherine M. Kocan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Tick Vaccine ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTicks are important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and tick infestations economically impact cattle production worldwide. Control of cattle tick infestations has been primarily by application of acaricides which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Herein we discuss data from tick vaccine application in Australia, Cuba, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides. Commercial tick vaccines reduced tick infestations on cattle and the intensity of acaricide usage, as well as increasing animal production and reducing transmission of some tick-borne pathogens. Although commercialization of tick vaccines has been difficult owing to previous constraints of antigen discovery, the expense of testing vaccines in cattle, and company restructuring, the success of these vaccines over the past decade has clearly demonstrated their potential as an improved method of tick control for cattle. Development of improved vaccines in the future will be greatly enhanced by new and efficient molecular technologies for antigen discovery and the urgent need for a tick control method to reduce or replace the use of acaricides, especially in regions where extensive tick resistance has occurred.

Trapping of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus by Stylosanthes scabra under grazing conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Wilson ◽  
RW Sutherst ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra

Several varieties of the leguminous genus Stylosanthes have the capacity to trap larvae of the tick Boophilus microplus. This capacity was assessed for S. scabra plants collected from grazed fields at two locations, Brian Pastures Research Station and 'The Springs' in central Queensland. Morphological attributes which may affect the capacity of plants to trap tick larvae were recorded. In laboratory tests, plants collected from Brian Pastures trapped 27% of larvae in summer and 12% in winter, whilst plants from 'The Springs' trapped an average of 12%, with no seasonal pattern discernible. The percentage of branches which were sticky was the major determinant of a plant's capacity to trap ticks. Variation in stickiness per se was less important. Frost and burning temporarily reduced tick-trapping capacity, but after four months, burnt plants trapped a higher percentage of larvae than unburnt plants due to the production of sticky regrowth. The implication of the results for the use of S. scabra in tick control programs is discussed.

scholarly journals Multiple Country and Breed Genomic Prediction of Tick Resistance in Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Flores Cardoso ◽  
Oswald Matika ◽  
Appolinaire Djikeng ◽  
Ntanganedzeni Mapholi ◽  
Heather M. Burrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Partial Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
Over Dispersion ◽  
Tick Resistance

Ticks cause substantial production losses for beef and dairy cattle. Cattle resistance to ticks is one of the most important factors affecting tick control, but largely neglected due to the challenge of phenotyping. In this study, we evaluate the pooling of tick resistance phenotyped reference populations from multi-country beef cattle breeds to assess the possibility of improving host resistance through multi-trait genomic selection. Data consisted of tick counts or scores assessing the number of female ticks at least 4.5 mm length and derived from seven populations, with breed, country, number of records and genotyped/phenotyped animals being respectively: Angus (AN), Brazil, 2,263, 921/1,156, Hereford (HH), Brazil, 6,615, 1,910/2,802, Brangus (BN), Brazil, 2,441, 851/851, Braford (BO), Brazil, 9,523, 3,062/4,095, Tropical Composite (TC), Australia, 229, 229/229, Brahman (BR), Australia, 675, 675/675, and Nguni (NG), South Africa, 490, 490/490. All populations were genotyped using medium density Illumina SNP BeadChips and imputed to a common high-density panel of 332,468 markers. The mean linkage disequilibrium (LD) between adjacent SNPs varied from 0.24 to 0.37 across populations and so was sufficient to allow genomic breeding values (GEBV) prediction. Correlations of LD phase between breeds were higher between composites and their founder breeds (0.81 to 0.95) and lower between NG and the other breeds (0.27 and 0.35). There was wide range of estimated heritability (0.05 and 0.42) and genetic correlation (-0.01 and 0.87) for tick resistance across the studied populations, with the largest genetic correlation observed between BN and BO. Predictive ability was improved under the old-young validation for three of the seven populations using a multi-trait approach compared to a single trait within-population prediction, while whole and partial data GEBV correlations increased in all cases, with relative improvements ranging from 3% for BO to 64% for TC. Moreover, the multi-trait analysis was useful to correct typical over-dispersion of the GEBV. Results from this study indicate that a joint genomic evaluation of AN, HH, BN, BO and BR can be readily implemented to improve tick resistance of these populations using selection on GEBV. For NG and TC additional phenotyping will be required to obtain accurate GEBV.

A comparison of cattle tick control by pasture spelling, planned dipping, and tick-resistant cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Wharton ◽  
KLS Harley ◽  
PR Wilkinson ◽  
KB Utech ◽  
BM Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Mature Female ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tick Burden

Control of Boophilus microplus by pasture spelling, planned dipping, and simulated "conventional" control methods was compared in duplicate herds of British cattle, and by simulated "conventional" control methods in duplicate herds of Zebu x British and a single mixed herd of Zebu x British and British cattle. Herds under conventional control were treated with an acaricide (dipped) when the count of "standard" ticks (5 mm or more in length) on the right side averaged 20 or more per animal. Herds under pasture spelling grazed alternately in two adjacent paddocks; the summer spelling period was 3½ months, followed by spelling periods of 4½ months, and cattle were dipped on transfer between paddocks. Herds under planned dipping were dipped at 21-day intervals until few larvae remained on the pasture, this treatment being repeated when the count of standard ticks averaged more than 20 per animal. Observations over 2 years confirmed the results of an earlier experiment which showed that pasture spelling and planned dipping resulted in increased efficiency of tick control. Compared with British herds under conventional control which required dipping on 19 and 20 occasions, herds managed by pasture spelling were dipped only on seven occasions and showed a mean reduction of 81% in tick burden. Herds subjected to planned dipping required 18 treatments but the tick burden was reduced by 83%. The two Zebu x British herds required dipping on four and 10 occasions and showed a mean reduction in tick burden of 39% compared with British herds under conventional control. There was little improvement in tick control in the mixed herd of Zebu x British and British cattle. Assessment of the tick resistance status of the Zebu x British cattle by artificial infestation with known numbers of larvae showed that the survival to mature female ticks was 1.3 and 1.8% for the herds requiring four and 10 acaricidal treatments respectively in the wet tropics. In a similar assessment of the "resistant" Australian lllawarra Shorthorn (AIS) cattle herds which required one treatment or none over a tick season in southern Queensland (Wilkinson 1962) the survival was 4.4 and 5.2% respectively. The mean survival of female ticks to maturity on individual Zebu x British cattle was 1.4% (range 0.01–6.6%) compared with 8.1 % (0.2–27.4%%) for AIS cattle.

scholarly journals Status of Rhipicephalus microplus resistance to ivermectin, fipronil and fluazuron in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiza Mendes Valsoni ◽  
Mariana Green de Freitas ◽  
Dyego Gonçalves Lino Borges ◽  
Fernando de Almeida Borges
Keyword(s):  
Immersion Test ◽  
Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Southern Cattle Tick ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Tick Resistance ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Abstract Southern cattle tick resistance to pour-on and injectable acaricides has yet to be evaluated on a broader scope, and the paucity of information on the subject may hinder efforts to control this parasite. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance profile of ten populations of Rhipicephalus microplus to the acaricides fluazuron, fipronil and ivermectin in cattle herds in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The larval immersion test (LIT) was used to evaluate susceptibility to ivermectin and fipronil and the adult immersion test (AIT) was performed to evaluate fluazuron. Samples were randomly obtained in ten farms, and in general, we found resistance in five samples to fluazuron and in four samples to ivermectin and fipronil. Six samples showed incipient resistance to ivermectin and fipronil. Five of the ten evaluated samples showed resistance and/or incipient resistance to all the active ingredients, and the other five to two active ingredients. Among the samples classified as resistant, the average resistance ratio for ivermectin was 2.75 and 3.26 for fipronil. These results demonstrate the advanced status of resistance to the most modern chemical groups for the control of R. microplus in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

scholarly journals Efficacy of two commercial synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) on Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus microplus strains of the south-western region of Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achille S. Ouedraogo ◽  
Olivier M. Zannou ◽  
Abel S. Biguezoton ◽  
Kouassi Yao Patrick ◽  
Adrien M. G. Belem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽  
Amblyomma Variegatum ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Western Region

AbstractSince 2011, period of the livestock invasion by the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Burkina Faso (BF), tick-control problems were exacerbated. Based on farmer’s reports, most commonly used commercial acaricides were found to be ineffective in Western South part of the country. To investigate the occurrence and extent of such acaricidal ineffectiveness, we performed the standardized larval packet test (LPT) with commercial deltamethrin (vectocid) and cypermethrin (cypertop), on two cattle tick species, the native Amblyomma variegatum and the invasive R. microplus. The resistance ratios (RR) were computed with susceptible Hounde strain of Rhipicephalus geigyi as reference. The R. microplus population showed resistance to the two acaricides tested with the highest lethal concentration (LC) values, and different resistance ratios higher than 4 (deltamethrin: RR50 = 28.18 and RR90 = 32.41; cypermethrin: RR50 = 8.79 and RR90 = 23.15). In the contrary, A. variegatum population was found to be highly susceptible to acaricides tested with low lethal concentrations and resistance ratio values (deltamethrin: RR50 = 0.5 and RR90 = 0.48; cypermethrin: RR50 = 0.68 and RR90 = 0.79). These data demonstrate high synthetic pyrethroid resistance in R. microplus strain, leading to conclude that the acaricide ineffectiveness in tick populations control remains a concern in BF.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Lut Desert Tourism in Iran: Developing an Interpretive-Structural Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7245
Author(s):  
Beniamino Murgante ◽  
Mohammad Eskandari Sani ◽  
Sara Pishgahi ◽  
Moslem Zarghamfard ◽  
Fatemeh Kahaki
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structural Modeling ◽  
Interpretive Structural Modeling ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Interpretive Structural Model ◽  
Lut Desert

The Lut desert is one of the largest and most attractive deserts in Iran. The value of desert tourism remains unclear for Iran’s economy and has only recently been taken into consideration by the authorities, although its true national and international value remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the factors that influence tourism development in the Lut desert. Data collected through the purposive sampling method was analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling and the MICMAC Analysis. According to the results, cost-effective travel expenses, security, and safety provided in the desert, together with appropriate media advertising and illustration of the Lut desert (branding) are the leading factors that influence tourism in the Lut desert in Iran. This paper highlighted the importance of desert tourism, especially in this region.

Review of the impact Covid-19 has on the Psychosocial factors affecting Well-Being

2021 ◽  
pp. 3404-3408
Author(s):  
Sheila Menon FBSCH ◽  
Vidya Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the psychosocial factors that effect people globally. Particularly affected are children, students and health workers and the common symptoms identified are stress, anxiety disorders, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, the various security measures implemented to ensure public safety have adversely affected relationships between people. This study directs public awareness to the value of psychotherapeutic support. Tele-therapy can be offered easily to people both at home or in the workplace, providing both cost effective and time sensitive solutions during times of crisis. The current review article provides an overview of the importance of maintaining psychological well-being during a pandemic and the identifies the role that empathetic communication has on wellbeing. The literature review was completed using electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases using the keywords covid-19, affected groups, affected relationships, psychology and its technological interventions, negative effects of pandemic so on.

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