Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Charles ◽  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

(1) Six buffalo bulls 14–48 months old were slaughtered and subjected to detailed anatomical dissection. (2) The dressing percentage of 55.2 was greater than that in cattle of similar carcass fatness (10.6). (3) Muscle constituted 37.1% of empty liveweight. (4) The carcasses had a high proportion by weight of muscle (68.6%), a low proportion of bone (17.3%), and a low proportion of fat (10.6%) relative to the proportions found in steer carcasses of similar muscle plus bone weights or total dissected fat percentages. (5) A study of muscle weight distribution showed that the spinal muscle group formed a lesser proportion of total muscle than in bovine steers, while the muscles of the proximal forelimb, those of the thorax passing onto the forelimb, and the intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax formed a greater proportion. The possibility of a sex effect on muscle weight distribution was discussed. (6) Fat distribution featured a high proportion of intermuscular fat relative to subcutaneous fat, and the proportions of kidney and channel fats were greater than those encountered in comparable bovine steer carcasses.

Comparison of Friesian, Canadian Hereford × Friesian and Simmental × Friesian steers for growth and carcass composition

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane ◽  
G. J. More O'Ferrall
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers comprised of 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Canadian Hereford × Friesians (HF) and 40 Simmental × Friesians (SM) were reared together from shortly after birth to slaughter after a mean period of 740 days. During the finishing winter there was a 3 (breed types) × 2 (3 and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (222- and 225-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments. One side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per treatment) was completely separated into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat and a 10th rib sample of m. longissimus was chemically analysed.Carcass weights per day of age and carcass weights were 404, 433 and 449 (s.e. 4·6) g and 301, 320 and 330 (s.e. 3·4) kg for FR, HF and SM, respectively. Corresponding proportions of carcass muscle were 602, 577 and 628 (s.e. 4·8) g/kg. FR and HF had similar proportions of their total muscle in the hindquarter, whereas SM had more of their muscle in the hindquarter. M. longissimus lipid concentrations for FR, HF and SM were 36, 39 and 26 (s.e. 1·96) g/kg. Increasing supplementary concentrate level from 3 to 6 kg/day increased side weight by 7 kg, of which proportionately 0·48 was fat. Extending the finishing period from 121 to 225 days increased side weight by 22 kg of which proportionately 0·45 was fat. Both the higher concentrate level and the longer finishing period reduced carcass muscle and bone proportions, and increased carcass fat proportion. Allometric regression coefficients for side muscle, bone and fat weights on side weight were 0·75, 0·51 and 2·13, respectively. It was calculated that FR, HF and SM would have similar carcass fat proportions at approximate carcass weights of 320, 290 and 380 kg, respectively.

Productivity and carcass composition of Friesian, Meuse-Rhine-Issel (MRI) × Friesian and Belgian Blue × Friesian steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Carcass Conformation ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers, comprising 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Meuse-Rhine-lssel (MRI) × Friesians (MR), and 40 Belgian Blue × Friesians (BB) were reared together from 3 weeks of age to the start of their second winter. During the second winter there was a 3 (FR, MR and BB breed types) × 2 (3 kg and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (96- and 220-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments (10 animals per subgroup). Carcass weights and grades were recorded after slaughter at the end of the second winter, and one side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per subgroup) was dissected into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat. A sample of m. longissimus from the 10th rib was chemically analysed. Slaughter weights and carcass weights per day from arrival to slaughter were 796, 813 and 828 (s.e.d. 11·7) g and 419, 440 and 457 (s.e.d. 7·1) g for FR, MR and BB, respectively. Corresponding carcass weights were 314, 329 and 342 (s.e.d. 4·5) kg. BB had better conformation than both FR and MR. BB also had a lower carcass fat score, lower proportions of bone, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, a higher proportion of muscle and muscle with higher proportion of moisture and a lower proportion of lipid than FR and MR. The higher level of concentrates increased side iveight by 8 kg, but the overall effects on carcass composition were small. The longer finishing period increased side weight by 25 kg and was associated with significantly reduced proportions of bone and muscle and an increased proportion of fat. Allometric regression coefficients for carcass weight on slaughter weight, and for bone, muscle and fat weights on side weight were 1·19, 0·39, 0·80 and 2·16, respectively. It is concluded that despite the better carcass conformation of MR, there was little difference in carcass and muscle composition between FR and MR. BB, in addition to having a higher growth rate and better carcass conformation than FR, also had more muscle in the carcass, more of the total muscle in the higher value joints and a lower proportion of lipid in the muscle. It was calculated that FR, MR and BB would have similar proportions of separable fat in the carcass at approximate carcass weights of 300, 320 and 400 kg, respectively.

Fat distribution and indices of carcass composition in Coats Island caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
C. C. Gates ◽  
R. J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Groenlandicus

Twenty-seven barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) carcass sides were dissected on Coats Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, to calibrate indices of dissectible fat, muscle, and bone. Carcass muscle weight was accurately predicted from weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (In (carcass muscle, kg) = −2.791 + 1.071 In (gastrocnemius, g); r2 = 0.98), and carcass bone weight was accurately predicted from weight of the femur (In (carcass bone, kg) = −4.878 + 1.137 In (femur, g); r2 = 0.98). These allometric relationships held for calves and adults and for animals gaining and losing fat. The subcutaneous, intermuscular, pelvic, and internal omental and perirenal fat depots were weighed for each of 23 animals. The intermuscular and subcutaneous depots were largest and subcutaneous fat increasingly predominated at advanced fatness. Total dissectible fat in the five depots was most accurately predicted from depth of back fat and weight of kidney fat (dissectible fat (kg) = −0.178 + 1.058 depth of back fat (cm) + 24.147 kidney fat (kg); r2 = 0.98) and the regression was unaffected by age or condition. Comparison with similar studies suggests that such within-tissue relationships may be valid for all subspecies of Rangifer.

Carcass composition of double-muscled cattle

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Minor Degree ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACT1. An anatomical explanation of the observed differences between double-muscled and phenotypically normal cattle was sought by detailed dissection of the sides of six double-muscled Santa Gertrudis steers and six Brangus steers.2. Relative to carcass weight the double-muscled steers had a significantly greater proportion of muscle and a significantly lower proportion of bone and fat than the Brangus steers. Relative to muscle plus bone weight the muscle proportion was greater and the bone proportion lower in the double-muscled steers.3. The musculature of the double-muscled steers exhibited a gradient of hypertrophy: 12 muscles (234g/kg of total muscle weight) were grossly hypertrophied, 56 muscles (565g/kg) were hypertrophied to a lesser degree and 28 muscles (195g/kg) showed either a minor degree of hypertrophy or no hypertrophy.4. The grossly hypertrophied muscles were generally the larger, superficial muscles of the proximal pelvic limb and shoulder area. The muscles showing least hypertrophy were mostly small muscles located in the deeper areas of the carcass, particularly around the spine and in the proximal hindlimb, and in the proximal and distal forelimb.5. Abnormalities of shape in double-muscled cattle may be attributed largely to altered proportions of total muscle and total fat, and to changes in weight distribution within the musculature.

The effects of genotype, sex and feeding regimen on pig carcass development: 2. Tissue weight distribution and fat partition between depots

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
D. G. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Total Fat

SUMMARYDissection data for 1006 carcasses taken from the first 2 years of the Meat and Livestock Commission's (MLC) Commercial Pig Evaluation (CPE) were used to examine the growth of tissue weights in joints relative to the corresponding total tissue weight in carcass, and the growth of fat depots relative to total fat over the carcass weight range, 46–92 kg. Growth relationships were examined using a linear allometric model. Differences in tissue weight distribution between genotypes (pigs from different companies in CPE), sexes (barrows and gilts) and feeding regimens (restricted and ad libitum feeding) were examined at constant lean, bone or fat weight as appropriate, common allometric regression slopes being assumed.Lean and bone showed the same pattern of development. Relative growth was lowest in the proximal limb joints (ham and hand) increasing inwards to the joints of the back. With minor differences, the same pattern was found for subcutaneous fat and intermuscular fat. Fat depots differed considerably in their growth relative to total fat: intermuscular fat grew more slowly (allometric growth coefficient, b = 0·87), subcutaneous fat at the same rate and perinephric and retroperitoneal fat (flare fat) more rapidly (b = 1·24).Significant differences were recorded between genotypes in lean distribution and in the distribution of fat depots. However, the differences were small and of little commercial importance. There were also differences in fat partition between genotypes, flare fat being the most variable depot.Sex and feeding regimen also influenced tissue distribution and fat partition.The results are discussed in relation to the robustness of regression equations for predicting overall carcass composition from subcutaneous fat measurements and sample joint dissections.

The significance of breed in the prediction of lamb carcass composition from fat thickness measurements

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurements

ABSTRACTFat thickness and measurements of the m. longissimus (‘eye’ muscle) were taken at the last rib in 350 lambs' carcasses which were fully dissected. The lambs were from two ewe breeds, Clun and Colbred, and two ram breeds, Suffolk and Hampshire, and the carcass weight range was 15 to 21kg. Castrated males and females, and singles and twins, were evenly represented.Rib fat thickness (J) was a slightly more precise predictor of the weights of lean, subcutaneous fat and subcutaneous plus intermuscular fat, when used in a multiple regression equation along with carcass weight, than fat thickness directly above the greatest depth of the ‘eye’ muscle (C). Both of these were more precise predictors than ‘eye’ muscle width and depth. Accounting for breed, either by allowing for different intercepts or completely different regression lines, did increase the proportion of variation in tissue weights explained by carcass weight and J or C, but to a small and, it was considered, commercially unimportant extent. This was despite differences in conformation between the breeds, reflected in this work by smaller ‘eye’ muscles in the ewe than the ram breeds and also in maturity, which might have been expected to influence tissue, including fat, distribution.The results indicate that breed differences in partition and distribution within and between the carcass fat depots in sheep are smaller than those between the carcass and intra-abdominal fat depots.

Comparison of boars and castrates for bacon production. 1. Growth data, and carcass and joint composition

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
J. E. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed to determine whether quality differences between boars and castrates when used for bacon production are true castration effects or due to the greater leanness of boars. Sixty-four commercial hybrid male pigs, half of which were castrated at 10 days of age, were given different levels of feeding so that at 87 kg live weight there was a 2-mm difference in P2 fat thickness between two groups of 16 boars and two groups of 16 castrates. The leanest group of castrates and the fattest group of boars had similar fat thickness and carcass composition. This design allowed the separation of castration and feeding treatment (carcass composition) effects. Skin thickness and weight (boars greater) and kidney weight (boars heavier) were much more influenced by castration than feeding treatment. Other effects that were more influenced by castration, although less strongly, were killing-out proportion (boars lower because of testes), leg and loin length (boars shorter), joint weight distribution (boars lighter in flank) and lean weight distribution (boars slightly less lean in leg, and more in foreloin and belly). Lean to bone ratio in the side was influenced less by castration than by feeding treatment but boars had more intermuscular fat in relation to subcutaneous fat than castrates. The lean content of the leg was closely related to that of the side, and there were different relationships in boars and castrates.

FAT DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX AND RATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Group Sex

The effects of liveweight, breed group, sex and plane of nutrition were studied in 23 Duroc × Yorkshire, 42 Hampshire × Yorkshire and 27 Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either a low or high energy ration [2757 kcal digestible energy (DE)/kg and 15.3% protein, or 3652 kcal DE/kg and 19.9% protein]. They were slaughtered at 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight. Nine barrows and 8 gilts of the same breed groups were slaughtered at 23 kg liveweight to determine carcass composition at the start of the experiment. Half-carcasses were divided at the 11th and 12th ribs and dissected into individual muscles, depot fats and bones. Fatty tissue was separated into subcutaneous, intermuscular and body cavity types of depot fat. As liveweight increased from 23 to 114 kg, a differentiation among depot types occurred. Fat distribution in 23-kg pigs was made up of 78% subcutaneous, 18% intermuscular and 4% body cavity fat. At 114 kg liveweight, subcutaneous fat was 84%, intermuscular fat 13% and body cavity fat 2.3%. Within each depot type, differential deposition between front and hind quarters was most noticeable between 23 and 68 kg liveweight. During this period, more of the intermuscular and body cavity fat was deposited in the front quarter, while a greater proportion of the subcutaneous fat was deposited in the hind quarter. Breed, sex and ration did not influence the percentage relationship among depot fat types but did within types. Thus, the fatter carcasses (produced by Duroc × Yorkshire pigs, barrows and high-energy-fed pigs) had a greater proportion of their intermuscular fat in the hind quarter than did the leaner carcasses (from Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Yorkshire pigs, gilts and pigs fed the low energy ration).

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. B. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

Carcass characteristics of heavyweight crossbred lambs. II.* Carcass composition and partitioning of fat

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Thompson ◽  
KD Atkins ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

Half-carcasses of 108 wether and ewe lambs from six genotypes, slaughtered at 34, 44 and 54 kg liveweight, were dissected into subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, muscle, bone and connective tissue. The six genotypes were the progeny of Dorset Horn and Border Leicester rams mated to Merino, Corriedale and Border Leicester x Merino first-cross ewes. As carcass weight increased, the proportion of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat increased (b > 1 ; P < 0.05) and the proportion of muscle and bone decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05). Lambs sired by Border Leicester rams had more subcutaneous fat (12.7%), more intermuscular fat (7.6%) and more bone (5.7%) than lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams at the same carcass weight (P< 0.05). Similarly, lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams had more muscle (7.2%) than lambs sired by Border Leicester rams at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). Breed of dam had no effect on carcass composition. Wether lambs had a greater proportion of bone (5.7%) than ewe lambs at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). The breed of sire effect and the lack of a breed of dam effect on carcass composition, in conjunction with estimated mature weights for the breeds, suggest possible differences between sire and dam breeds in the partitioning of fat between the carcass and non-carcass depots. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 30: 1197 (1979).

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