Carcass composition of double-muscled cattle

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Minor Degree ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACT1. An anatomical explanation of the observed differences between double-muscled and phenotypically normal cattle was sought by detailed dissection of the sides of six double-muscled Santa Gertrudis steers and six Brangus steers.2. Relative to carcass weight the double-muscled steers had a significantly greater proportion of muscle and a significantly lower proportion of bone and fat than the Brangus steers. Relative to muscle plus bone weight the muscle proportion was greater and the bone proportion lower in the double-muscled steers.3. The musculature of the double-muscled steers exhibited a gradient of hypertrophy: 12 muscles (234g/kg of total muscle weight) were grossly hypertrophied, 56 muscles (565g/kg) were hypertrophied to a lesser degree and 28 muscles (195g/kg) showed either a minor degree of hypertrophy or no hypertrophy.4. The grossly hypertrophied muscles were generally the larger, superficial muscles of the proximal pelvic limb and shoulder area. The muscles showing least hypertrophy were mostly small muscles located in the deeper areas of the carcass, particularly around the spine and in the proximal hindlimb, and in the proximal and distal forelimb.5. Abnormalities of shape in double-muscled cattle may be attributed largely to altered proportions of total muscle and total fat, and to changes in weight distribution within the musculature.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN CARCASS COMPOSITION AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN MATURE DOUBLE MUSCLED CATTLE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIMA A. SHAHIN ◽  
R. T. BERG ◽  
M. A. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Nonsignificant Trend ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Total Fat

Nineteen mature Double Muscled (DM) cattle consisting of 11 cows and eight bulls were slaughtered between 470 and 710 kg to determine the influence of sex on carcass composition and muscle, bone and fat in DM cattle. Expressed as a percentage of the total side weight, DM bull carcasses had 15% more muscle and 55% less total fat. When sides were compared DM bulls showed a 17% increase in the muscle:bone ratio compared with DM cows. In bull carcasses, there were shifts in muscle weight distribution towards the forequarter. The ratio of hindquarter muscle:forequarter muscle was greater in cows than in bulls. Expressed as a percentage of the total side muscle, significant differences between sexes were found in 48 of the 95 muscles. The most striking sexual dimorphism was found in the neck region, particularly among the muscles responsible for secondary sexual features and those which act to elevate and extend the head. Sexual dimorphism was less pronounced in the distal parts of the both limbs. The cervical vertebrae and scapula made up a greater proportion of total side bone in DM bulls than in DM cows. There was a consistent but nonsignificant trend for the cows to have more of their bone caudally and less anteriorly compared with the bulls. Key words: Carcass composition, muscle distribution, bone distribution, mature Double Muscled cattle, double muscling

Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Charles ◽  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

(1) Six buffalo bulls 14–48 months old were slaughtered and subjected to detailed anatomical dissection. (2) The dressing percentage of 55.2 was greater than that in cattle of similar carcass fatness (10.6). (3) Muscle constituted 37.1% of empty liveweight. (4) The carcasses had a high proportion by weight of muscle (68.6%), a low proportion of bone (17.3%), and a low proportion of fat (10.6%) relative to the proportions found in steer carcasses of similar muscle plus bone weights or total dissected fat percentages. (5) A study of muscle weight distribution showed that the spinal muscle group formed a lesser proportion of total muscle than in bovine steers, while the muscles of the proximal forelimb, those of the thorax passing onto the forelimb, and the intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax formed a greater proportion. The possibility of a sex effect on muscle weight distribution was discussed. (6) Fat distribution featured a high proportion of intermuscular fat relative to subcutaneous fat, and the proportions of kidney and channel fats were greater than those encountered in comparable bovine steer carcasses.

Influence of breed and sex on muscle weight distribution of cattle

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mukhoty ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Total Muscle

SummaryIn this experiment an attempt was made to study the influence of breed and sex on the muscle-weight distribution of cattle. The weights of individual muscles obtained by total dissection from the side of a carcass from each of 63 bulls, 106 steers and 22 heifers representing six, eight and two breed groups respectively were classified into nine anatomical groups using the method of Butterfield (1963). Muscle-weight distribution was then studied by expressing the muscle in each of these groups as percentages of total muscle and also as adjusted mean weight of muscle in each region while statistically adjusting total muscle to a constant level.Results indicated that breed differences were significant although small for abdominal muscles and muscles of the neck region within bulls and steers, but two breed groups of heifers did not differ. There was no detectable breed influence on the percentage of any other muscle group. Percentages of muscles classified as expensive were found to be remarkably similar among breed groups in all three sexes.Sex influences on muscle distribution were also appraised. There was a general trend of heifers having a higher percentage in the proximal pelvic limb and abdominal areas than steers, while steers exceeded bulls. This order of sex influence was reversed in the muscles of the neck and thorax region. The influence of sex was conspicuous in areas classified as having expensive muscles, with heifers having a higher percentage of muscles in the high-priced regions than steers and steers being superior to bulls. Sex differences reflect the differential development of bulls compared with the other sexes as they mature. Muscles of the neck and thorax in bulls increase in proportion and other groups (proximal hind and abdominal) decrease. The differentiation of muscles represents a trend toward masculinity from heifer to steer to young bull and finally to old bull proportions.

Muscle weight distribution in lambs: a comparison of entire male and female

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
A. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Thoracic Limb ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTThe carcasses of 15 ram and 15 ewe lambs of the Dorset Down breed, weight range 12 to 23 kg, were separated into individual muscles, bones and fat depots.At the same carcass weight (16-8 kg) the ram lambs contained 41 g more muscle per kg, but there were few important differences between sexes in individual muscle weights; 65 of the 72 muscles differed in weight by less than 10 g.The distribution of total muscle weight between eight anatomical groupings differed significantly between the sexes; ewes had proportionately more muscle in the proximal pelvic limb (8 g/kg) and less in the neck (7 g/kg) and distal thoracic limb (1 g/kg). Despite these small differences in muscle-weight distribution in higher-valued joints in favour of the ewe lambs, each of their joints contained less muscle than those of ram lambs.In these lambs, reared under commercial conditions in the United Kingdom, there were no signs of gross morphological differences which could result in their disqualification for the Variable Premium of the European Economic Community Sheepmeat Regime. In particular the m. splenius cervicus was a very small proportion of total muscle in both sexes (1·5 and 2·5 g/kg for ewe and ram respectively).

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

Carcass composition and tissue weight distribution in purebred lambs from six breeds

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 103-103
Author(s):  
A. J. Brown ◽  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Mature Size

Future improvements in British lamb sales depend on increasing the lean to fat ratio in cuts and joints offered for sale, since numerous surveys have shown an aversion to fat on the part of consumers. This ratio can be changed by manipulating breed and live weight at slaughter, since breeds of large mature size slaughtered at light weights are considerably leaner than those of small mature size slaughtered at heavy weights. However, there are other aspects of carcass value than overall lean and fat content. These include factors such as the proportions of individual joints and their composition. This study was carried out to examine carcass composition and carcass quality changes between 12 and 24 kg cold carcass weight (CCW) in 317 castrated males and 238 females from six pure breeds.

Growth and development of water buffalo and Friesian cross-bred cattle, with special reference to growth and distribution of carcass muscle and bone

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Y. Abdallah ◽  
Karima A. Shahin ◽  
M. G. A. Latif
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Posterior Anterior

SUMMARYRight sides of carcasses of 12 buffalo, nine ½ Friesian ( Friesian x Egyptian Baladi) and nine ¾ Friesian ( Friesian x ½ Friesian) bulls slaughtered over the body-weight ranges 161–560 kg for buffaloes and 176–448 kg for cattle were cut according to the Chicago style of cutting. Allometric growth pattern and distribution of muscle and bone in the various cuts were examined.Buffaloes were similar to cattle in that muscle and bone in the limbs showed an increasing distoproximal growth gradient. On the ventral line of the trunk, muscles showed an increase in growth impetus from plate to brisket while bone followed a reverse pattern. In buffaloes, growth coefficients of muscle and bone of all dorsal cuts were similar except in the sirloin and chuck where bone was later maturing. In cattle, there appeared a posterior-anterior increase in growth impetus of muscle from the shortloin towards sticking. Within and between genotype-group results indicated that growth of a fatless cut is governed by the growth of its muscle rather than that of its bone.Compared with Friesian crosses, buffaloes had significantly greater percentages of their total muscle and muscle-plus-bone in the expensive cuts. As total muscle weight increased, the proportion of muscle in BLRC (see p. 318) decreased in cattle but remained almost constant in buffaloes. It was concluded that the previously reported inferior carcass composition of buffaloes relative to cattle is compensated by better carcass conformation and tissue distribution of buffaloes.

Productivity and carcass composition of Friesian, Meuse-Rhine-Issel (MRI) × Friesian and Belgian Blue × Friesian steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Carcass Conformation ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers, comprising 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Meuse-Rhine-lssel (MRI) × Friesians (MR), and 40 Belgian Blue × Friesians (BB) were reared together from 3 weeks of age to the start of their second winter. During the second winter there was a 3 (FR, MR and BB breed types) × 2 (3 kg and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (96- and 220-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments (10 animals per subgroup). Carcass weights and grades were recorded after slaughter at the end of the second winter, and one side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per subgroup) was dissected into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat. A sample of m. longissimus from the 10th rib was chemically analysed. Slaughter weights and carcass weights per day from arrival to slaughter were 796, 813 and 828 (s.e.d. 11·7) g and 419, 440 and 457 (s.e.d. 7·1) g for FR, MR and BB, respectively. Corresponding carcass weights were 314, 329 and 342 (s.e.d. 4·5) kg. BB had better conformation than both FR and MR. BB also had a lower carcass fat score, lower proportions of bone, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, a higher proportion of muscle and muscle with higher proportion of moisture and a lower proportion of lipid than FR and MR. The higher level of concentrates increased side iveight by 8 kg, but the overall effects on carcass composition were small. The longer finishing period increased side weight by 25 kg and was associated with significantly reduced proportions of bone and muscle and an increased proportion of fat. Allometric regression coefficients for carcass weight on slaughter weight, and for bone, muscle and fat weights on side weight were 1·19, 0·39, 0·80 and 2·16, respectively. It is concluded that despite the better carcass conformation of MR, there was little difference in carcass and muscle composition between FR and MR. BB, in addition to having a higher growth rate and better carcass conformation than FR, also had more muscle in the carcass, more of the total muscle in the higher value joints and a lower proportion of lipid in the muscle. It was calculated that FR, MR and BB would have similar proportions of separable fat in the carcass at approximate carcass weights of 300, 320 and 400 kg, respectively.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARCASS WEIGHTS, BACKFAT AND LOIN MUSCLE DEPTH IN CULL SOWS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. AZIZ ◽  
W. A. RAE ◽  
R. O. BALL ◽  
J. W. ALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Weight Class ◽  
Cull Sows

The carcass weight distribution of the cull sow population was evaluated from 104 456 sows slaughtered in Ontario in 1988. Carcass weight, backfat depth and loin muscle depth were evaluated for 797 additional sows, randomly selected at a commercial abattoir. Approximately 85% of sows were between 100 and 200 kg with 4.5% less than 100 kg and 10.5% more than 200 kg carcass weight. The frequency distribution showed backfat depth was most frequently between 15 and 19.9 mm (26.73%) and 20 and 24.9 mm (29.99%). Sow carcasses are extremely diverse, varying 3- to 9-fold in backfat depth and 2- to 3-fold in loin muscle depth within any 25-kg weight class. Key words: Sows, carcass composition, backfat

A caliper for determining carcass composition in live cattle and skin-on carcass

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson ◽  
CB Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Wall ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Skinfold Caliper ◽  
Made In

A Harpenden Skinfold Caliper used to predict body density in man was modified for use in cattle. It was used to measure thickness of the anal fold, caudal fold and rectal wall in 34 live steers or their skinon carcasses (hot dressed weight 139-339 kg). The value of these measurements in determining carcass fat and carcass muscle was compared with that of 10th and 12th rib fat thickness measurements made in the carcass. Hot carcass weight was the best predictor of side fat weight and side muscle weight. Side fat percentage and side muscle percentage were most accurately predicted by 12th rib and 10th rib fat thickness, followed by live then single-shackle anal fold fat thickness. The three caudal fold measurements and rectal wall thickness were poor predictors. Addition of hot carcass weight to all linear measurements markedly improved the prediction of side fat weight and side muscle weight, but nor side fat percentage and, only marginally, side muscle percentage. Single-shackle anal fold fat thickness, slightly less accurate than the live measurement, was the most useful skin-on measurement. The spring-operated caliper described can be used to determine carcass fatness and carcass lean in live steers with an accuracy closely approaching that of 12th rib fat thickness in the carcass.

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