scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. B. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

Fat distribution and indices of carcass composition in Coats Island caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
C. C. Gates ◽  
R. J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Groenlandicus

Twenty-seven barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) carcass sides were dissected on Coats Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, to calibrate indices of dissectible fat, muscle, and bone. Carcass muscle weight was accurately predicted from weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (In (carcass muscle, kg) = −2.791 + 1.071 In (gastrocnemius, g); r2 = 0.98), and carcass bone weight was accurately predicted from weight of the femur (In (carcass bone, kg) = −4.878 + 1.137 In (femur, g); r2 = 0.98). These allometric relationships held for calves and adults and for animals gaining and losing fat. The subcutaneous, intermuscular, pelvic, and internal omental and perirenal fat depots were weighed for each of 23 animals. The intermuscular and subcutaneous depots were largest and subcutaneous fat increasingly predominated at advanced fatness. Total dissectible fat in the five depots was most accurately predicted from depth of back fat and weight of kidney fat (dissectible fat (kg) = −0.178 + 1.058 depth of back fat (cm) + 24.147 kidney fat (kg); r2 = 0.98) and the regression was unaffected by age or condition. Comparison with similar studies suggests that such within-tissue relationships may be valid for all subspecies of Rangifer.

THE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN BULLS AND HEIFERS OF TWO BREEDS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Breed Differences

A trial is reported comparing muscle growth and distribution in 12 bulls and 12 heifers of each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Serial slaughter was carried out from weaning (163 ± 15.1 days) to approximately 15 mo of age. After slaughter, the left side of each carcass was broken into quarters and then eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat, muscle and bone. The growth pattern of muscle in each cut relative to total side muscle was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous among breeds and sexes, indicating that neither breed nor sex influenced relative muscle growth. Some significant (P < 0.05), though minor, sex and breed differences were found when muscle weight distribution was adjusted to constant side muscle weight. Notably DY heifers had significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle in the high-priced cuts (sum of round, sirloin, loin and rib) than either HE heifers or bulls of either breed-type. When muscle weight was adjusted to constant side weight, bulls were found to have a greater weight of muscle in the high-priced cuts than heifers, and DY animals to have more than HE animals.

Effect of feeding level, breed and milking potential on body tissues and organs of mature, non-lactating cows

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTBody composition was studied in 20 mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating cows from five breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Dexter, British Friesian and Jersey) kept on four feeding levels until they attained equilibrium body weights that were proportionately 0·7,0·9,1·1 or 1·3 of their normal adult body weight.Significant breed differences were found in the proportions of body tissues and organs and these were associated with breed differences in lactability (i.e. genetic milking potential adjusted for body size). As a proportion of body weight, intra-abdominal fat, liver, spleen and uterus increased significantly with lactability and hide decreased significantly. Empty gut and gut fill also increased with lactability but not significantly. Liver proportion in dairy breeds was 1·26 times the proportion in beef breeds. Corresponding values for intra-abdominal fat and hide were 1·43 and 0·83.The most dramatic increases with feeding level were in the proportions of subcutaneous fat, both intra-abdominal fat depots, and the udder. All fat depots were completely depleted when body weight decreased to about 0·6 of its normal adult value. Strong decreases occurred in the proportion of muscle, carcass bone and offal. The proportion of empty gut decreased significantly with increased feeding level. Liver, tail, thymus and possibly gut fill were the only traits entirely unaffected by feeding level.The near-constancy of liver proportion at equilibrium implies that the rapid response of the liver to a change in feeding level is eventually matched in magnitude by the slower responses in other tissues and organs, so that the original proportionality of about 1 kg body tissue for each 10 g liver is eventually restored.

Muscle growth and distribution of muscle weight in Clun and Southdown sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTA total of 56 sheep, 28 Clun and 28 Southdown were slaughtered, five of each breed, at birth, 50, 100, 150 and 200 days and three of each breed at 415 days of age. The left half of each carcass was separated anatomically into individual muscles, bones and fat depots. For the purposes of analysis, individual muscles were assigned to one of eight muscle groups, depending upon their anatomical location.The relative growth of some individual muscles was found to change over this age range, as indicated by a significant squared term in the quadratic allometric equation: this was true for proportionately 0·33 of the muscles in Clun and for proportionately 0·44 of those in Southdown, accounting for proportionately 0·33 and 0·47 of total muscle weight in Clun and Southdown respectively.Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to derive the multivariate analogue of the quadratic part of quadratic allometry: the sign of the loading on the second principal component had the same sign as the change observed in bq, the quadratic relative growth coefficient. Thus, PCA offers the potential to identify simultaneously, and independently of shape or conformation, all those muscles whose relative growth coefficients change over the period examined. It could be applied successfully to breed comparisons of conformation.The cumulative effects of changing relative growth rates of muscles were small. Muscle weight distribution appears to be almost fixed within the first few weeks after birth. Despite their differences in conformation and mature size, Clun and Southdown lambs had similar distributions of muscle weight at the same age; the high valued muscles constituted 513·8 g/kg total muscle in Clun and 514·7 g/kg total muscle in Southdown lambs at 200 days of age.

Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Charles ◽  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

(1) Six buffalo bulls 14–48 months old were slaughtered and subjected to detailed anatomical dissection. (2) The dressing percentage of 55.2 was greater than that in cattle of similar carcass fatness (10.6). (3) Muscle constituted 37.1% of empty liveweight. (4) The carcasses had a high proportion by weight of muscle (68.6%), a low proportion of bone (17.3%), and a low proportion of fat (10.6%) relative to the proportions found in steer carcasses of similar muscle plus bone weights or total dissected fat percentages. (5) A study of muscle weight distribution showed that the spinal muscle group formed a lesser proportion of total muscle than in bovine steers, while the muscles of the proximal forelimb, those of the thorax passing onto the forelimb, and the intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax formed a greater proportion. The possibility of a sex effect on muscle weight distribution was discussed. (6) Fat distribution featured a high proportion of intermuscular fat relative to subcutaneous fat, and the proportions of kidney and channel fats were greater than those encountered in comparable bovine steer carcasses.

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

scholarly journals Why are we shaped differently, and why does it matter?

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (3) ◽  
pp. E531-E535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Santosa ◽  
Michael D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
And Storage

Body fat distribution is an important predictor of metabolic abnormalities in obese humans. Dysregulation of free fatty acid (FFA) release, especially from upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue, appears to contribute substantially to these metabolic disturbances. Why different individuals preferentially store fat in upper vs. lower body subcutaneous fat or subcutaneous vs. visceral fat is not completely understood. Current evidence suggests that defects in regional lipolysis are not the cause of net fat retention in larger fat depots. Regional variations in the storage of fatty acids, both meal derived and direct reuptake, and storage of circulating FFAs that may help to explain why some depots expand at the expense of others have been reported. We review the quantitative data on regional lipolysis, meal, and FFA storage in adults to provide an overview of fat balance differences in adults with different fat distribution patterns.

Fat distribution in steer carcasses of different breeds and crosses. 1. Distribution between depots

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
A. Cuthbertson ◽  
G. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYDissection data from 643 carcasses of castrated male cattle (steers) of 15 breed-type × feeding system groups were used to examine the distribution of total fat (TF) between subcutaneous (SF), intermuscular (IF), kidney knob and channel (KKCF) and cod fat depots. The breed-type groups, which were from cereal or grass/cereal feeding systems, included Ayrshire, Simmental × Ayrshire, British Friesian and Friesian crosses with Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Limousin, Charolais, South Devon and Simmental. Means for percentage TF in side ranged from 21·4 to 36·2 with a pooled within group SD of 3·87.The growth of each depot relative to TF was examined using the allometric equation. Significant but not large differences existed between groups for the growth coefficients of SF and IF while the coefficients for KKCF differed widely among groups. The coefficient for SF was greater than that for IF in every group (pooled within-group b values±SE were 1·20±·02 and 0·87±0·01 respectively).At constant TF weight, carcasses from Ayrshire and Ayrshire crosses tended to contain less SF and more IF+KKC F than those from Friesian and beef breed × Friesian. Important differences in distribution were recorded between the various beef breed × Friesian groups. The proportion of SF was lower for cattle fed on grass/cereal diets than for cattle of the same breed type fed on cereal diets.The differences in fat distribution led to substantial bias for some groups when the percentages of IF and TF in the side were predicted from percentage SF. The bias was less when both KKCF and SF were used as predictors.

scholarly journals Macroanatomical and Topographical Features of Body’s Adipose Component Content in Girls

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
I. E. Esaulenko ◽  
E. A. Rozhkova ◽  
S. V. Klochkova ◽  
N. T. Alexeeva ◽  
D. B. Nikityuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Absolute Content ◽  
Component Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
Component Content ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness

The aim of the research is to study quantitative representation and features of adipose component distribution in girls of 16–20 years of age having different constitutional properties.Material and methods. In the investigated Slavic ethnos groups of 250 girls of 16–17 years of age and 250 girls of 18–20 years of age having no signs of pathological processes disturbing physical development dynamics absolute content of body’s adipose component and topographical features of subcutaneous fat distribution in different body areas are evaluated by the methods of caliperometry and bioimpedancometry. As provided by typing according to a constitutional group leptosomic, mesosomic, megalosomic and indefinite constitutional groups have been singled out. Statistical analysis was based on the method of confidence intervals and determination of arithmetical mean index and its error.Results. It has been determined that subcutaneous fat thickness regardless of age and constitutional group is maximal in the abdominal region and minimal in the area of medial forearm region, chest and posterior shoulder region. Constitutional conditionality of this sign is determined by the fact that in the majority of body’s areas subcutaneous fat thickness in mesosomic constitution is 1.8–3.4 times more (р<0.05) in comparison with leptosomic constitution, 1.1–1.6 times more (р<0.05) in comparison with megalosomic constitution, 1.1–1.5 times more (р<0.05) in comparison with the girls of indefinite constitution. Absolute content of body’s adipose component in girls of leptosomic constitution is 2.2–2.3 times (р<0.05) less than in girls of mesosomic constitution. In girls of megalosomic constitution absolute content of body’s adipose component is 1.5 times (р<0.05) less than in girls with mesosomic constitution. In girls of indefinite constitution absolute content of body’s adipose component is 2.2 times (р<0.05) less than in girls of mesosomic constitution. At the age from 16–17 to 18–20 years subcutaneous fat thickness in mesosomic, megalosomic and indefinite constitutions is increasing insignificantly while in the girls of leptosomic group subcutaneous fat thickness is practically invariable. The indices of minimal and maximal subcutaneous fat thickness regardless of constitution and age demonstrate significant individual variability.Conclusion. The carried out morphological analysis has revealed a wide range of individual variation in body’s adipose component content and its dependence on the constitutional type.

Abundance of beige and brown adipocyte markers in different adipose depots of cattle at 26 months of age

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (s1) ◽  
pp. s38-s41 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Komolka ◽  
E. Albrecht ◽  
T. Gotoh ◽  
S. Maak
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Breed Differences

Activity of brown and beige adipocytes could contribute to breed differences in fat deposition. Therefore, we compared the abundance of markers for adipocyte types in steers from three cattle breeds differing in fat deposition (Japanese Black, Holstein, Charolais). Markers for white (leptin (LEP)), beige (transmembrane protein 26 (TMEM26), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)), and brown adipocytes (Zic family member 1 (ZIC1), UCP1) were analysed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in subcutaneous fat (SCF), intramuscular fat (IMF), intermuscular fat (IRMF), perirenal fat (PF) and visceral fat (VF). LEP messenger RNA (mRNA) was less abundant in VF compared with other depots (P<0.05). TMEM26 was weakly but evenly expressed in all depots in all animals, whereas UCP1 mRNA showed higher individual variation in some depots. ZIC1 was not detectable in VF and PF but abundant in SCF, IMF and even more abundant in IRMF (P<0.05). No significant breed differences were detected. Using antibodies against UCP1, TMEM26 and ZIC1, we demonstrated that fat depots of 26-month-old cattle still comprise different adipocyte types. However, our results did not support the hypothesis that higher energy expenditure associated with higher abundance or activity of beige or brown adipocytes contributed to differences in fat deposition.

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