Chromosome evolution in Bulbine glauca (Asphodelaceae or Xanthorrhoeaceae subfam. Asphodeloideae) indicates six species, not one

The genus Bulbine Wolf has ~130 species in Africa and only seven species in Australia. Base chromosome numbers in African and Australian Bulbine are x = 7 and x = 12, respectively. This raises the possibility of Australian Bulbine being of polyploidy origin or, alternatively African Bulbine may have evolved through dysploid reduction. Previous chromosome counts in Bulbine glauca (Raf.) E.M.Watson were predominantly 2n = 46, with aneuploid numbers of 2n = 45, 44, 48, 47, 40 and 41 also being encountered within and between populations. Novel chromosome counts are presented here for a wide sample of populations of B. glauca, occurring on volcanic and granite outcrops along the New South Wales and Victorian tablelands and on granite outcrops in Tasmania. Chromosome numbers for Bulbine crassa D.I.Morris and Duretto is 2n = 26. The modal chromosome count for B. glauca is confirmed as 2n = 46 with no evidence of aneuploidy. The species complex shows a variable asymmetric karyotype across its distribution, indicating karyotypic evolution involving structural rearrangements. There appear to be six distinctive groups within the complex based on karyomorphology. Evolutionary changes in both B. glauca s. lat. and B. crassa appear to have not involved recent polyploidy. Variation in chromosome morphology across the B. glauca complex is consistent with our morphological evidence of more than one species.

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Animal chromosome counts reveal similar range of chromosome numbers but with less polyploidy in animals compared to flowering plants

10.1101/2020.10.10.334722 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cristian Román-Palacios ◽

Cesar A. Medina ◽

Shing H. Zhan ◽

Michael S. Barker

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Chromosome Evolution ◽

Chromosome Count ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Similar Distribution ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Remarkable Similarity ◽

Similar Range

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms that underlie chromosome evolution may provide insights into the processes underpinning the origin, persistence, and evolutionary tempo of lineages. Here we present the first database of chromosome counts for animals (the Animal Chromosome Count database, ACC) summarizing chromosome numbers for ∼18,000 species. We found remarkable similarity in the distribution of chromosome counts between animals and flowering plants. At larger timescales, selection towards a specific range might explain the similar distribution of chromosome counts between these two groups. Nevertheless, changes in chromosome number are still potential drivers of divergence among species at shorter timescales. We also found that while animals and plants exhibit similar frequencies of speciation-related changes in chromosome number, plant speciation is more often related to changes in ploidy. Based on the ACC, our analyses suggest that changes in chromosome number alone could help explain patterns of diversity within animal clades.

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Submarine landslides offshore Yamba, NSW, Australia: an analysis of their timing, downslope motion and possible causes

Geological Society London Special Publications ◽

10.1144/sp477.11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 477 (1) ◽

pp. 207-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Hubble ◽

Serena Yeung ◽

Samantha Clarke ◽

Alan Baxter ◽

Fabio De Blasio

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Good Evidence ◽

Morphological Evidence ◽

Submarine Landslides ◽

Small Individual ◽

South Wales ◽

Failure Event ◽

Complete Disintegration ◽

Scale Failure

AbstractRadiocarbon isotopic ages and sedimentological data are presented for material recovered from three adjacent translational submarine landslides (YS1, YS2 and YS3) identified on the upper-continental slope offshore Yamba, New South Wales, Australia. The age data indicate that these three co-located upper-slope slides probably occurred independently of each other and not in a single, widespread regional-scale failure event.Numerical estimates of the likely runout distances for slide blocks corresponding to the entire landslide scar volumes range between 10 and 27 km, and represent a ‘runout zone’ in which landslide blocks or debris might reasonably be expected to be located. There is no morphological evidence for large blocks or debris fields derived from two of the Yamba landslide scars within their identified runout zones (YS1 and YS2), suggesting these two failures involved complete disintegration of large slide blocks after failure or the removal of sediment from the landslide sites as grainflows or turbidites. In contrast, the third runout zone (YS3) presents good evidence of at least 12 slide blocks between 100 and 200 m in diameter, suggesting that they were shed as relatively small individual blocks or they were generated due to the dismemberment of a larger slab.

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Breeding behavior and chromosome numbers among New Guinea and Java Impatiens species, cultivated varieties, and their interspecific hybrids

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b74-117 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 923-925 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allan R. Beck ◽

Jack L. Weigle ◽

Eric W. Kruger

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

New Guinea ◽

Chromosome Morphology ◽

Breeding Behavior ◽

Chromosome Counts

Impatiens crosses were made among the following: P.I. 349629 (Java), P.I. 349586 (New Guinea), I. Itolstii, and "Tangerine." All crosses were successful except those made with I. Itolstii. Chromosome counts were as follows: P.I. 349629 = 16, P.I. 349586 = 32, I. Itolstii = 16, and "Tangerine" = 8. Chromosome counts of the hybrids were midway between the respective parents. Cytological studies indicated a similarity in chromosome morphology and size among all parents except I. holslii. A new genome count of 4 is reported for the genus Impatiens indicating a ploidy series in which x = 4.

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Revision of the Australian wolf spider genus Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1304.1.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1304 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

VOLKER W. FRAMENAU

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

South Australia ◽

Wolf Spider ◽

Original Description ◽

Morphological Evidence ◽

Pitfall Traps ◽

Systematic Revision ◽

South Wales ◽

As Species ◽

Males And Females

The wolf spider genus Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 is revised with Anomalosa kochi (Simon, 1898) as type species. Anomalosa includes a further Australian species, A. oz sp. nov. Representatives of Anomalosa are small, elongated lycosids with a longitudinal light median band on the dorsal shield of the prosoma and on the opisthosoma, the latter being particularly distinct in males. They are closely related to Venonia Thorell, 1894. Similar to Venonia, males have a bipartite prolateral tegular lobe on the pedipalp, but it is much larger than in Venonia and, in contrast to Venonia, larger than the membranous tegular apophysis. Anomalosa kochi has only been found in Queensland, whereas the distribution of A. oz sp. nov. includes New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. This allopatric distribution coincides with the McPherson Range as a biogeographical border. Although most males and females of Anomalosa have been caught in pitfall traps or running freely in moderately moist habitats, such as near creeks and dams, there is evidence that representatives of this genus build sheet-webs similar to Venonia. This behaviour is supported by morphological evidence as species of Anomalosa have elongated posterior spinnerets. The original description of A. harishi (Dyal, 1935) from Panjab, India, does not match the diagnosis of Anomalosa. Consequently, I reject the inclusion of A. harishi in Anomalosa and re-transfer it to its original genus Anomalomma Simon, 1890, Anomalomma harishi Dyal, 1935, pending a systematic revision of this genus.

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The chromosome numbers of five North American and European leech species

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z87-106 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 681-684 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ronald W. Davies ◽

R. N. Singhal

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

North American ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Chromosome Evolution ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Prophase I ◽

Metaphase I

Chromosome counts were obtained for four glossiphoniid species belonging to three genera (Glossiphonia, Theromyzon, Placobdella) and for one erpobdellid species (Dina lineata) of freshwater leeches. Theromyzon rude, which has a Palaearctic distribution, had seven bivalents at prophase I and metaphase I, while the Holarctic T. tessulatum had eight bivalents, giving diploid chromosome numbers of 14 and 16, respectively. Placobdella papillifera from Alberta had a chromosome number of 2n = 24 and Glossiphonia complanata from Alberta and England had chromosome counts of 2n = 28. At prophase I and metaphase I nine bivalents occurred in the majority of the nuclei of Dina lineata. These findings are discussed in relation to the chromosome evolution and phylogenetic schemes proposed by previous authors.

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Genomic and morphological evidence of distinct populations in the endemic common (weedy) seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Syngnathidae) along the east coast of Australia

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0243446

Author(s):

O. Selma Klanten ◽

Michelle R. Gaither ◽

Samuel Greaves ◽

Kade Mills ◽

Kristine O’Keeffe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Morphological Evidence ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Temperate Reefs ◽

South Central ◽

South Wales ◽

Genetic Clusters ◽

Morphological Differences

The common or weedy seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, is an iconic and endemic fish found across temperate reefs of southern Australia. Despite its charismatic nature, few studies have been published, and the extent of population sub-structuring remains poorly resolved. Here we used 7462 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify the extent of population structure in the weedy seadragon along the temperate southeast coast of Australia. We identified four populations, with strong genetic structure (FST = 0.562) between them. Both Discriminant Analysis of Principle Components (DAPC) and Bayesian clustering analyses support four distinct genetic clusters (north to south: central New South Wales, southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania). In addition to these genetic differences, geographical variation in external morphology was recorded, with individuals from New South Wales shaped differently for a few measurements to those from the Mornington Peninsula (Victoria). We posit that these genetic and morphological differences suggest that the Victorian population of P. taeniolatus was historically isolated by the Bassian Isthmus during the last glacial maximum and should now be considered at least a distinct population. We also recorded high levels of genetic structure among the other locations. Based on the genomic and to a degree morphological evidence presented in this study, we recommend that the Victorian population be managed separately from the eastern populations (New South Wales and Tasmania).

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Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855, a senior synonym of the southern Queensland seahorse H. procerus Kuiter, 2001: molecular and morphological evidence (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)

ZooKeys ◽

10.3897/zookeys.824.30921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 824 ◽

pp. 109-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Graham Short ◽

David Harasti ◽

Healy Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Morphological Character ◽

Sequence Data ◽

New South ◽

Taxonomic Status ◽

Morphological Evidence ◽

Intraspecific Divergence ◽

Mitochondrial Coi ◽

South Wales ◽

Eastern Australia

The taxonomic status of the seahorse Hippocampusprocerus Kuiter, 2001, type locality Hervey Bay, QLD, Australia, was re-examined based on its strong morphological similarity and geographical proximity to its congener H.whitei Bleeker, 1855, a species recorded in ten estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Kuiter (2001) distinguished H.procerus from H.whitei by a taller coronet, marginally lower meristics, and spinier physiognomy. Meristic, morphometric, and key diagnostic morphological character comparisons from vouchered specimens of the two purported species collected from Sydney Harbour, Nelson Bay, Port Stephens, NSW and Hervey Bay, Bundaberg, and Moreton Bay, QLD did not show diagnostic differences to support species-level classification of H.procerus. Furthermore, partial mitochondrial COI sequence data from specimens sampled from known geographical distributions in NSW and Southport, QLD failed to discriminate between populations as a result of shared haplotypes, and revealed an average intraspecific divergence of 0.002%. Hippocampusprocerus is hereby placed in the synonymy of H.whitei; a redescription is provided, with a revised record of its range across eastern Australia.

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Chromosome Numbers of Four Nigerian Species of Cola Schott. & Endlicher (Sterculiaceae).

Silvae Genetica ◽

10.1515/sg-2005-0006 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 54 (1-6) ◽

pp. 42-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. O. Adebola ◽

J. A. Morakinyo

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Wild Species ◽

Mitotic Chromosome ◽

Chromosome Morphology ◽

High Symmetry ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Cultivated Species ◽

First Time

Abstract This paper reports the results of chromosome countings in four wild Cola species (Cola lateritia, C. ballayi, C. verticillata and C. gigantea). Cytological investigation of these species gave a constant mitotic chromosome counts of 2n = 4x = 40 for the first time. The karyotypes were found to consist mostly of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. In addition to confirming the chromosome numbers and ploidy levels in these species, the results also reveals high symmetry and homogeneity of the karyotypes with those of the cultivated species (C. nitida and C. acuminata) already reported. The similarity in chromosome morphology between the cultivated and wild species indicate their common origin and suggests the possibility of using these wild species as bridges for gene transfer in Cola breeding programmes involving interspecific hybridization.

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The monophyly of the Glaurocarini (Diptera: Tachinidae: Tachininae) with the description of a new species of Semisuturia from Australia

Insect Systematics & Evolution ◽

10.1163/1876312x-48022157 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diego J. Inclán ◽

James E. O’Hara ◽

John O. Stireman III ◽

Hiroshi Shima ◽

Jaakko Pohjoismäki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

New South ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Morphological Evidence ◽

Larval Stages ◽

First Instar ◽

South Wales ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

A New Species

The Glaurocarini are a small Old World tribe of tachinids belonging to the subfamily Tachininae. Two genera are currently recognized, Glaurocara Thomson with 16 species and Semisuturia Malloch with eight species. In this study we describe Semisuturia moffattensis Inclán, O’Hara, Stireman & Cerretti sp. n. from Queensland and New South Wales and compare it with congeners as well as other glaurocarines. The new species is readily identifiable among world glaurocarines by having a row of setae on lower 2/3 of facial ridge. We further evaluate the monophyly of the Glaurocarini on the basis of morphological characters of both adult and larval stages. A molecular phylogenetic analysis also supports monophyly of the tribe but does not support a close relationship between Glaurocarini and Ormiini as has been suggested previously. Finally, we provide new morphological evidence from both adults and first instar larvae to support the monophyly of both Semisuturia and Glaurocara.

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Hibiscus Section Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Australia

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9740157 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 157 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

FD Wilson

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

19Th Century ◽

Western Australia ◽

Endemic Species ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

East Coast ◽

New South ◽

The Other ◽

South Wales ◽

The 19Th Century

Of the approximately 50 species in Hibiscus section Furcaria DC. emend. Hochr., 15 native and one naturalized taxa are recognized in Australia. Thirteen of the 15 native taxa are endemic; four of these are described as new (Hibiscus arnhemensis, H. bymesii, H. minutibracteolus and H. mustiae). Of the other two species, H. meraukensis Hochr. is the only one that is wide ranging in Australia proper, being distributed from the Kimberleys of Western Australia to south-eastern Queensland; it occurs also in neighbouring southern New Guinea. The other one, H. diversifolius Jacq., is confined to the east coast from southern Queensland to central New South Wales in Australia, but its total distribution is pantropical. The single naturalized species, H. sabdariffa L., was introduced into Australia in the 19th century and grown for its fleshy calyces, which were processed and marketed as 'rosella jam'. Fourteen of the 15 native taxa form a morphologically coherent group within Hibiscus section Furcaria and are characterized by involucral bracteoles with entire apices and calyx lobes without nectaries on the midrib. The nine taxa for which chromosome numbers are available are also cytologically coherent (hexaploid: n = 54). H. diversifolius is set apart from the other taxa by its calyces with nectaries, its octoploid (n = 72) chromosome number, and its extra-Australian distribution. It most likely had a history in Australia distinct from that of the endemic species.

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