Effects of Disturbance and Grazing by Cattle on the Dynamics of Heathland and Grassland Communities on the Bogong High Plains, Victoria

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Williams ◽  
DH Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
The Past ◽  
Grassland Communities ◽  
Heath Communities ◽  
Shrub Establishment ◽  
Grazed Grassland

Within the high subalpine tract of the Bogong High Plains there has been a gradual increase in the cover of shrubs over the past 40 years, especially within open heathland and grassland communities. A field trial, using permanent 1 m2 plots, has confirmed that the establishment of shrub seedlings such as Asterolasia trymalioides, Grevillea australis, Phebalium squamulosum and Prostanthera cuneata occurs primarily upon bare ground, and is absent where the cover of vegetation or fixed Poa hiemata litter remains intact. The survival of Poa hiemata seedlings on bare ground is low, except where local shelter is afforded. Disturbances which cause bare ground, including domestic cattle activity, can create microsites suitable for the establishment of shrub seedlings. Shrub establishment and development may be inhibited by cattle trampling, and some palatable shrubs, e.g. Asterolasia and Grevillea, are especially affected. If cattle are removed from previously grazed grassland and heathland sites where shrubs such as Asterolasia and Grevillea have established, the encroachment of such shrubs will be more rapid than on similar sites subject to continued grazing. However, continued cattle activity is unlikely to inhibit the development of non-palatable, vegetatively reproducing shrubs such as Prostanthera cuneata and Phebalium squamulosum within closed heath communities.

Long-Term Vegetation Change in Relation to Cattle Grazing in Sub-Alpine Grassland and Heathland on the Bogong High-Plains: an Analysis of Vegetation Records From 1945 to 1994

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHA Wahren ◽  
WA Papst ◽  
RJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Shrub Cover ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Australian Alps ◽  
Grazed Grassland ◽  
Ungrazed Plot

Changes in vegetation composition and structure are described for grassland and heathland communities on the Bogong High Plains, in the Victorian Alpine National Park. The data are based on long-term records collected from permanent reference plots over the period 1945 to 1994 from plots established in 1945, 1946 and 1979. In the Pretty Valley grassland plots, established in 1946, cattle grazing has prevented the large-scale regeneration of a number of tall, palatable forbs and short, palatable shrubs, while in the absence of grazing, the cover of these Life forms increased substantially. The amount of bare ground and loose litter was significantly greater on the grazed compared with the ungrazed plot. Between 1979 and 1994, there was little or no identifiable trend in the cover of Vegetation or bare ground at either the Pretty Valley grazed site, or two additional grazed grassland sites established nearby in 1979. The current condition of grazed grassland on the Bogong High Plains is interpreted as stable, yet degraded. Improvement in condition will occur in the absence of grazing. In the Rocky Valley open heathland plots, established in 1945, increases in shrub cover over the study period were due to growth of shrubs following the 1939 bushfires that burnt much of the Bogong High Plains. From 1945-1979 shorter-lived shrubs increased in cover; since 1979, these shrubs have senesced, and are being replaced mainly by grasses. On the grazed plot longer lived, taller shrubs have continued to increase in cover and are not senescing. Between 1979 and 1989, total shrub cover declined on the ungrazed plot, but increased on the grazed plot. There was no evidence that grazing has reduced shrub cover, and therefore potential fire risk, in open heathland. These findings have significant management implications for the Alpine National Park and are consistent with those from other regions in the Australian alps.

Tax Culture and Trust

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-387
Author(s):  
Irina Ivanovna Ogorodnikova ◽  
Irina Fedorovna Pecherkina ◽  
Nadezhda Vladimirovna Baksha ◽  
Anna Nikolaevna Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Main Component ◽  
High Level

Abstract The purpose of this research is to study the influence of the level of public trust in various social institutions and structures on shaping tax culture. The authors identify three components of tax culture, namely, tax morality, tax literacy, and tax behavior. Institutional trust as the main component of a tax paying culture has a strong impact on tax morality. The groups with a high level of institutional trust have only about a third as many tax deviations as the groups with a low level of institutional trust. Over the past decade, Russia has seen a gradual increase in trust, which contributes to strengthening tax morality and raising the level of tax culture in the population. This is manifested in increased tax collection and reduced tax arrears. Nevertheless, tax opportunism still persists in Russian society. Almost a third of citizens do not consider themselves obliged to pay taxes and are tolerant of tax deviations. This fact may serve as a factor in the reproduction of deviant forms of taxpayer behavior, together with a low level of tax literacy in the population.

Effects of Feces on Spatial Distribution Patterns of Grazed Grassland Communities

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamanna Islam ◽  
Eiki Fukuda ◽  
Masae Shiyomi ◽  
Molla Rahman Shaibur ◽  
Shigenao Kawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Spatial Distribution Patterns ◽  
Grassland Communities ◽  
Grazed Grassland

America in 1959 — as Seen from Moscow

1960 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick C. Barghoorn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Political Forces

InSpite of a continued gradual increase of American-Soviet contacts, the official Soviet image of the United States in 1959 was shaped, as before, largely by a combination of preconcert tion and contrivance. The massive Soviet machinery of communication continued to present to the peoples of the Soviet Union a picture of America based less on empirical judgment than on the application to changing circumstances of unchanging attitudes. As in the past, the Kremlin's image of America and of the West in general appeared to be as much an instrument for the manipulation of foreign and Soviet public opinion as it was a reflection of Moscow's appraisal of international political forces. The official doctrine of irreconcilable struggle between Soviet “socialism” and Western “capitalism” held undiminished significance for the rationalization and legitimization of Kremlin power and policy.

scholarly journals The tasks of forensic psychopathology and its modern meaning for a doctor and a lawyer

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (2) ◽  
pp. a1-a42
Author(s):  
B. I. Vorotynsky
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Statistical Studies

Over the past time, both in the general and in the special medical press, alarming voices have been heard louder and louder about the gradual increase in the number of mentally ill people among the population. This fact with constancy is also confirmed by the corresponding statistical studies and reports of psychiatric hospitals.

The ecology of the Bogong High Plains. I. The environmental factors and the grassland communities

1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
SGM Carr ◽  
JS Turner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Alpine Vegetation ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Grassland Communities

The paper is the first of several to present the results of a study, over the last 12 years, of alpine vegetation of the Bogong High Plains (north-eastern Victoria, 5400–6200 ft elevation). Attention is focused on the grassland communities and the response of soils and vegetation to the exclusion of cattle grazing. The first paper outlines the problem, briefly describes the major grasslands, and discusses the climatic and biotic factors concerned.

THE PREDICTION OF THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PASTURE

1963 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
I.L. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
The Past

Up to the present we have been dependent for our knowledge of the nutrient requirements of New Zealand soils largely on the results of field trials established on. classified soil types, At the same time there has been much laboratory examination both of soils and pastures in connection with these trials. Although the field trial has served us well in the past and will probably always be regarded as the final arbiter in deciding the presence or absence of nutrient deficiency, it must be admitted that it has some drawbacks.

scholarly journals Effect of Management Modification on the Coenological Composition of the North Adriatic Pastoral Landscape (Ćićarija, Croatia)

Hacquetia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Kosić ◽  
Federico Tardella ◽  
Andrea Catorci
Keyword(s):  
Grassland Management ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Pastoral Communities ◽  
Phytosociological Relevés ◽  
Characteristic Species ◽  
Grassland Communities ◽  
Intensity Grazing

Effect of Management Modification on the Coenological Composition of the North Adriatic Pastoral Landscape (Ćićarija, Croatia)The research aim was to assess the dynamics of the North Adriatic pastoral landscape (Ćićarija, Croatia) with regard to the coenological composition of grassland communities, and, more specifically, to: i) assess the current grassland mosaic from a coenological viewpoint; ii) assess the effects of management abandonment on grassland species composition, also taking into account, as a basis for comparison, data on pastoral communities collected in the past decades. To achieve the research aims, 73 phytosociological relevés were carried out; for each of them field data (altitude, aspect, slope, landform) and information on grassland management were collected. Multivariate analysis of phytosociological relevés led to the identification of four vegetation types (Danthonio-Scorzoneretum villosae, Carici humilis-Centaureetum rupestris, Brachypodium rupestre-dominated stands, andAnthoxantho-Brometum erecti), which were linked to landform and to grassland management. Comparison in terms of social behaviour type composition of the grassland communities surveyed in the present study with the ones surveyed in the past decades, highlighted that the current management (grassland abandonment, as well as low intensity grazing and not periodic mowing) is leading to a percentage loss of pasture and meadow characteristic species, in favour of successional and ruderal ones.

Lake Theo: Late Quaternary Paleoenvironmental Data and New Plainview (Paleoindian) Date

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Johnson ◽  
Vance T. Holliday ◽  
Raymond W. Neck
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Southern High Plains ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aeolian Deposits ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Local Extirpation

Lake Theo (Briscoe County, Texas) is a well stratified archaeological site with Paleoindian (Folsom, Plainview) and Archaic occupations. It is located immediately east of the Southern High Plains (Llano Estacado). Preliminary field and laboratory investigations of site stratigraphy, soils, and microbiology were initiated in order to reconstruct late Quaternary paleoenvironments and date the Paleoindian occupations. The site contains a series of ten late Quaternary fluvial, and possible aeolian, deposits; and five soils (ranging from weakly to moderately well developed) formed therein. Radiocarbon ages of 9950 ± 110 years B.P. (SMU-866) and 9420 ± 85 years B.P. (SMU-856) were determined on humates from the bottom and top (respectively) of a thick, slowly aggrading, buried A horizon. The lower date is associated with a Plainview occupation and immediately overlies a Folsom occupation. Comparison of dates and associated stratigraphic and pedologic data with other sediments and soils in the section indicates that during the past 12,000 years, most sedimentation was relatively rapid and sporadic with intervening periods of soil formation of varying lengths. Citrate soluble phosphorous analysis of the soils did not show notable evidence of intense human occupation at any time. Invertebrates recovered indicate a progressive, local extirpation of terrestrial gastropods since Folsom times. The progression is a result of decreased effective precipitation. The most marked stage of extirpation occurred during deposition of Unit 7 (9000 to 8000 B.P.).

A Model of High Plains and Intermountain Stockraising Settlement Systems

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Kornfeld
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Large Body ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cattle And Sheep ◽  
Interpretive Framework

A general model of stockraising settlement systems on the High Plains is presented. Major characteristics of cattle and sheep ranching as these activities have been practiced for the past century are discussed. The presentation of this model is necessary because a large body of archaeological information is currently being collected on the remains of stockraising activities which needs an interpretive framework. This model is designed to serve this purpose.

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