Monitoring ley pastures and their response to winter cleaning

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Wolfe ◽  
J. A. Paul ◽  
P. D. Cregan
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legume Growth

The purposes of this study were to evaluate subterranean clover-based leys on farms and in experiments using several pasture parameters, and to assess the impact of winter cleaning on the productivity and botanical composition of clover swards. Annual pastures were monitored on a group of 5 farms in the Wagga district and compared with an experimental subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture. The major problem in the farm paddocks was a lack of legume biomass due to poor legume densities, a consequence of the use of the soft-seeded cultivar Woogenellup and a high content of grassy weeds. The farmers in the group were unaware of the tools, parameters and benchmarks for making quantitative pasture comparisons. In 2 experiments, a range of subterranean clover swards were generated through the use of cultivars, seeding rate and winter cleaning treatments, grazed at 15 sheep/ha and monitored for 3 years. Appropriate benchmark values for the seed pool of subterranean clover were 300–350 kg/ha in winter and 600–700 kg/ha in summer. On the basis of both winter production, a function of May seedling density (target >1000 seedlings/m2) and spring production, which depended on the cultivar maturity, Junee was superior at Wagga to either Dalkeith (earlier maturing) or Woogenellup (softer seeded). Winter cleaning, using selective herbicides (fluazifop, simazine) to remove grasses and weeds, was advantageous in achieving a high content (>90%) and productivity of subterranean clover, provided that the legume content of the pasture was at least 28%, or >20% of total ground area before herbicide application in winter. In winter-cleaned swards, legume growth increased by up to 80%, legume biomass was improved by up to 46% and legume content increased from <50 to >95%. The main disadvantages of winter cleaning were increased areas of bare ground and reduced total biomass for several weeks after herbicide application, and the rapid development of ryegrass that was resistant to at least 1 of the herbicides used. The strategic use of observations to monitor the performance of pastures and their response to management is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Simon J. Flinn ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass and increased (P &lt; 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

Comparison of single superphosphate and superphosphate coated with bauxite residue for subterranean clover production on phosphorus-leaching soils

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Summers ◽  
Martin Clarke ◽  
Tim Pope ◽  
Tim O'Dea
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coated Granules

Bauxite residue from alumina refining was used to coat granules of single superphosphate to reduce the leaching of phosphorus in coarse, sandy soils for pastures in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia (>800 mm annual average). The impact of coating the superphosphate on the leaching of phosphorus was measured in a glasshouse experiment and the effectiveness of the fertiliser using dry herbage yield of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was measured in a field experiment. The glasshouse experiment measured the effect of coating the superphosphate with bauxite residue at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% by weight. A coating of 25% (by weight) was chosen for the field experiment. In the glasshouse experiment, the coated granules were applied to columns of soil, where subterranean clover was grown under leaching conditions. A coating of 30%, by weight, reduced leaching of single superphosphate by about half. Increasing the coating of bauxite residue also increased the phosphorus uptake and increased the plant growth. In the field trial, the effectiveness of single superphosphate with a bauxite residue coating of 25% by weight was increased on average by 100% in Year 1, 303% in Year 2, and 158% in Year 3, relative to freshly applied single superphosphate. The bauxite residue coating also increased the phosphorus content of the herbage in a similar manner to the increases in yield. Limited soil phosphorus tests showed only minor increases in the residues of phosphorus where the superphosphate had been coated with bauxite residue.

A gradient seeder for species establishment and production studies

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
FG Swain ◽  
WJC Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Methods ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Flow Mechanism ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Species Establishment ◽  
Uniform Change

A gradient seeder, designed to produce a uniform change in seeding rate in proportion to the distance travelled, is described. A 'Grasslands' sodseeder was converted by attaching a male thread to the shaft operating the fluted seed flow mechanism and changing the drive system. From seed weights obtained at intervals along the gradient, calibration curves were constructed for vetch (Vicia satlva L.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and Glycine javanica L. A comparison was made between the conventional and gradient methods of studying the effect of seeding rate on the establishment of vetch and subterranean clover.

Effect of grazing strategy, ryegrass overdrilling and herbicide application on vulpia content, tiller density and seed production in perennial pastures

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tozer ◽  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
P. E. Quigley ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
R. D. Cousens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Tiller Density

Vulpia species C.C. Gmel. are annual grass weeds that can reduce the productivity of perennial pastures throughout southern Australia. To develop more effective strategies to manage vulpia, a 3-year experiment was established in western Victoria (average annual rainfall: 625 mm) comparing different methods currently used to control this weed. Overdrilling perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed and simazine application treatments were applied to phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) pastures that were set-stocked or rotationally grazed (either as a four-paddock or strategic rotation) with Merino ewes. The content of vulpia, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and other annual grasses as a proportion of total dry matter increased, and the proportion of phalaris decreased in most grazing treatments throughout the experiment. The mean vulpia content was lowest and the phalaris content was highest in the four-paddock rotation, whereas vulpia content was greatest and phalaris content was lowest under set-stocking. Simazine application in June with or without ryegrass overdrilling reduced the number of vulpia tillers/m2 in 2000 and 2001 and vulpia panicle production in 2000, although vulpia populations increased to pretreatment levels in herbicide-treated swards by 2002. The number of vulpia seeds in the soil seed bank was not affected by any of the treatments. The most effective treatment was a combination of ryegrass overdrilling and herbicide application in the four-paddock, rotationally grazed pastures. This experiment highlights the need for an integrated approach to manage vulpia since relying on herbicide application alone is ineffective. This is particularly the case when competitive pasture species are unable to adequately utilise available resources and prevent a recovery in vulpia populations.

The influence of seed size and seeding rate on the growth of two strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
EH Lawson ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

The results of a field experiment are presented in which large and small seeds of two strains of subterranean clover, Dwalganup and Mt. Barker, were sown at equal weights of viable seed per unit area. Two seeding rates were examined, and four harvests made during the winter-early spring period. The general conclusion is drawn that seed size has no effect on the growth rate of a subterranean clover sward, provided that sowing rate is held constant. It was found that the earlier strain Dwalganup outyielded the mid-season Mt. Barker strain in terms of total tops weight per unit area, although leaf production was higher in the mid-season strain. Root production, however, was consistently greater in Mt. Barker than in Dwalganup, and in fact total yields (of both tops and roots) were very slightly higher in the Mt. Barker strain. Growth rates are discussed in relation to net assimilation rates and leaf weights, and it is suggested that differences in root weight ratios between subterranean clover strains have not received adequate attention in the past.

Impact of seeding rate and depth on mycosphaerella blight and seed yield of field pea

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
R. L. Conner ◽  
K. F. Chang ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
H. Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
The Impact

Mycosphaerella blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes) occurs throughout western Canada and can severely reduce field pea (Pisum sativum) seed yield. Field trials were conducted at two sites (Edmonton, AB, and Morden, MB) from 2001 to 2003 to assess the impact of seeding rate and seeding depth on blight severity. Mycosphaerella blight severity in the canopy was greater at higher seeding rates; treatments seeded at 30 plants m-2 had lower levels of disease than those seeded at more than 100 seeds m-2. However, yield potential was reduced at low seeding densities. Depth of seeding did not affect seedling density, disease severity, yield or final seed weight. In addition, field trials were conducted at Edmonton to quantify yield losses associated with mycosphaerella blight in Alberta. In trials inoculated with M. pinodes, application of a foliar fungicide (chlorothalonil) increased yield by about 20% over the unprotected control. Key words: Pisum, Mycosphaerella, fungicide, crop management, yield loss

Water stress and redlegged earth mites affect the early growth of seedlings in a subterranean clover/capeweed pasture community

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chapman ◽  
T. J. Ridsdill-Smith ◽  
N. C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Environment Experiment ◽  
Mite Infestations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

The impact of water stress and infestations of redlegged earth mite [Halotydeus destructor Tucker (Acarina : Penthaleidae)] on the early growth and botanical composition of a mixed subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and capeweed (Arctotheca calendula Levyns) pasture was investigated in a controlled environment experiment. Water stress and redlegged earth mite infestations both significantly reduced herbage production from both species. The yield of the subterranean clover was suppressed less by water stress than that of the capeweed. The differing sensitivities of the two species to water stress were attributed to differences in seedling size and growth rates at the onset of the drought. Redlegged earth mites caused greater feeding damage on cotyledons of the subterranean clover than of the capeweed. Despite this, the mites had a greater deleterious impact on the growth of the capeweed, which was suppressed both in the presence and absence of water stress. Redlegged earth mites in the presence of water stress did not significantly affect the growth of the subterranean clover. Furthermore, in the absence of water stress, the growth of the subterranean clover was greater when mites were present than when absent. The greater sensitivity of the capeweed to the effects of feeding by the redlegged earth mites was attributed to the smaller size of its seedlings at the time the redlegged earth mites were introduced. The increase in growth of the subterranean clover following the introduction of redlegged earth mites is more likely due to a change in the competitive relationships between the two plant species than to any direct effect of the mites’ feeding. Our observations indicate that the presence of water stress and redlegged earth mites significantly affects the competitive interactions between seedlings of subterranean clover and capeweed.

Differential tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) cultivars to broadleaf herbicides 1. Herbage yield

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
GA Sandral ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Differential Cultivar ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

The differential tolerance of 7 Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cultivars to 5 broadleaf herbicide treatments applied at 2 rates was examined at 2 sites over 2 years. The herbicide treatments and the rate of active ingredient applied (kg a.i./ha) were 2,4-DB (0.8, 1.6), MCPA (0.5, 1.0), bromoxynil (0.28, 0.56), MCPA (0.15, 0.3) + terbutryn (0.275, 0.4125), and MCPA (0.25, 0.375) + diuron (0.25, 0.375). The herbage yield of all cultivars at 30 and 60 days after herbicide application (DAA) was suppressed by all herbicides except 2,4-DB at 60 DAA. There was marked variation in cultivar tolerance, with Trikkala being the most tolerant to all herbicides. Seaton Park was the most sensitive to MCPA + terbutryn, MCPA + diuron, and bromoxynil, while Karridale was the most sensitive to MCPA. Log10(sprayed yield) log10(unsprayed yield) was an appropriate measure of relative tolerance of cultivars to herbicide. While herbage yields and yield reduction due to the herbicides varied between sites and years, the effect of the herbicides and the relative responses of the cultivars were similar across years and sites. Herbage yield meaned over the 2 herbicide rates was reduced by 16-71% at 30 DAA depending on herbicide and cultivar, and by 445% at 60 DAA. A mixture of MCPA + terbutryn or MCPA + diuron caused the largest reduction in herbage (47-71%) at 30 DAA, while MCPA and 2,4-DB caused the smallest (16-56%) reduction. Neither the maturity ranking of the cultivar nor the cultivar vigour measured at 30 DAA influenced sensitivity to the herbicides. The rate of recovery (kg DM/ha.day) by the cultivars at 30-60 DAA was greatest in the MCPA, 2,4-DB, and bromoxynil treatments (80-120 kg DM/ha.day) and least in the MCPA + diuron treatment (71-84 kg DM/ha.day) and was not related to maturity ranking. Doubling the rate of herbicide increased herbage yield suppression and resulted in slower growth rates but did not affect seedling survival. The magnitude of the reduction in herbage yield has important implications for choice of herbicide and needs to be balanced against the likely loss due to weed competition. The identification of significant differential cultivar tolerance suggests that worthwhile improvements in tolerance can be achieved through plant breeding or selection.

Comparison of the performance of subterranean clover cultivars in southern New South Wales. 2. Effects of Phytophthora clandestina and bromoxynil on seedling survival, growth, and seed set

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 591 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
GM Murray ◽  
PD Cregan ◽  
PA Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
South Wales

Effects of the root disease caused by Phytophthora claiidestina were assessed at Wagga Wagga on 14 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) following application of the herbicide bromoxynil. Seedling death over autumn-winter ranged from 22% in Trikkala, the most resistant cultivar, to 96% in Woogenellup, the most susceptible. Compared with previous years (1984-85), herbage yields and seed set of the most susceptible cultivars were depressed. Cultivars with the most severe disease symptoms (Woogenellup, Nungarin, Northam) did not set seed. Later maturing cultivars (Karridale, Enfield) appeared to recover from the disease and set more seed than earlier maturing cultivars (Dalkeith, Daliak) with similar reactions to P. clandestina. Field susceptibility (determined by leaf damage scores, seedling losses, and dry matter yield depression) was similar to glasshouse phytophthora ratings for most cultivars; however, Trikkala, Karridale, and Enfield were more affected in the field following herbicide application than expected from the glasshouse reaction. Trikkala, Junee, and Dalkeith were the cultivars most tolerant in the field to root rot, while Woogenellup, Northam, and Nungarin were the most severely affected. Leaf damage following herbicide application was greatest in cultivars showing the most severe root lesions and having the highest susceptibility to P. clandestina in a glasshouse test. P. clandestina reduced the productivity of susceptible subterranean clover cultivars and has the potential to reduce long-term persistence by reducing seed set.

scholarly journals Integrated management of vulpia in dryland perennial pastures of southern Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tozer ◽  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
P. E. Quigley ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
R. D. Cousens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Western Victoria

Vulpia (Vulpia species C.C. Gmel.) are annual grass weeds that can reduce pasture quality and stock-carrying capacity of perennial pastures throughout southern Australia. To develop more effective strategies to control vulpia, an experiment was established in western Victoria (average annual rainfall 565 mm) in phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) pastures comparing the effects of control methods [comprising combinations of fertiliser addition (Fert), a single herbicide (simazine) application (Sim), and pasture rest from grazing (Rest)] on vulpia populations. A further herbicide treatment [paraquat-diquat (SpraySeed®)] was imposed on some of these treatments. Measurements included botanical composition, phalaris and vulpia tiller density, seed production, and number of residual seeds in the soil. Vulpia content remained unchanged in the Sim-Rest treatment but increased in all other management treatments over the duration of the 3 year study and especially where paraquat-diquat was applied, despite paraquat-diquat causing an initial reduction in vulpia content. Vulpia content was lowest in the Fert-Sim-Rest treatment. The Fert-Sim treatment and in some cases paraquat-diquat application reduced vulpia tiller production. Vulpia seed production and the residual seed population were not influenced by any of the management treatments, while the single paraquat-diquat application increased vulpia seed production 18 months after application. Phalaris content was enhanced by the Sim-Rest and Fert-Sim-Rest treatments and initially by paraquat-diquat. No treatment affected phalaris tiller production and basal cover. The subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) content declined during the experiment, but to a lesser extent where paraquat-diquat was applied. Volunteer species content was initially suppressed in the year following paraquat-application, although populations recovered after this time. Of the two Vulpia spp. present (V. bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray and V. myuros (L.) C.C. Gmelin), V. bromoides was the most prevalent. Results show how a double herbicide application can increase vulpia fecundity and rate of re-infestation of herbicide-treated sites. Pasture rest shows some promise, but to a lesser extent than in the New South Wales tablelands, where summer rainfall may increase the growth of perennial species. In lower rainfall, summer dry areas, responses to pasture rest may be slower. Despite this, integrated management (which combines strategies such as pasture rest, herbicide application, and fertiliser application) increases the perennial content and reduces vulpia seed production, thus improving vulpia control.

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