A gradient seeder for species establishment and production studies

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
FG Swain ◽  
WJC Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Methods ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Flow Mechanism ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Species Establishment ◽  
Uniform Change

A gradient seeder, designed to produce a uniform change in seeding rate in proportion to the distance travelled, is described. A 'Grasslands' sodseeder was converted by attaching a male thread to the shaft operating the fluted seed flow mechanism and changing the drive system. From seed weights obtained at intervals along the gradient, calibration curves were constructed for vetch (Vicia satlva L.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and Glycine javanica L. A comparison was made between the conventional and gradient methods of studying the effect of seeding rate on the establishment of vetch and subterranean clover.

Monitoring ley pastures and their response to winter cleaning

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Wolfe ◽  
J. A. Paul ◽  
P. D. Cregan
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legume Growth

The purposes of this study were to evaluate subterranean clover-based leys on farms and in experiments using several pasture parameters, and to assess the impact of winter cleaning on the productivity and botanical composition of clover swards. Annual pastures were monitored on a group of 5 farms in the Wagga district and compared with an experimental subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture. The major problem in the farm paddocks was a lack of legume biomass due to poor legume densities, a consequence of the use of the soft-seeded cultivar Woogenellup and a high content of grassy weeds. The farmers in the group were unaware of the tools, parameters and benchmarks for making quantitative pasture comparisons. In 2 experiments, a range of subterranean clover swards were generated through the use of cultivars, seeding rate and winter cleaning treatments, grazed at 15 sheep/ha and monitored for 3 years. Appropriate benchmark values for the seed pool of subterranean clover were 300–350 kg/ha in winter and 600–700 kg/ha in summer. On the basis of both winter production, a function of May seedling density (target >1000 seedlings/m2) and spring production, which depended on the cultivar maturity, Junee was superior at Wagga to either Dalkeith (earlier maturing) or Woogenellup (softer seeded). Winter cleaning, using selective herbicides (fluazifop, simazine) to remove grasses and weeds, was advantageous in achieving a high content (>90%) and productivity of subterranean clover, provided that the legume content of the pasture was at least 28%, or >20% of total ground area before herbicide application in winter. In winter-cleaned swards, legume growth increased by up to 80%, legume biomass was improved by up to 46% and legume content increased from <50 to >95%. The main disadvantages of winter cleaning were increased areas of bare ground and reduced total biomass for several weeks after herbicide application, and the rapid development of ryegrass that was resistant to at least 1 of the herbicides used. The strategic use of observations to monitor the performance of pastures and their response to management is discussed.

The influence of seed size and seeding rate on the growth of two strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
EH Lawson ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

The results of a field experiment are presented in which large and small seeds of two strains of subterranean clover, Dwalganup and Mt. Barker, were sown at equal weights of viable seed per unit area. Two seeding rates were examined, and four harvests made during the winter-early spring period. The general conclusion is drawn that seed size has no effect on the growth rate of a subterranean clover sward, provided that sowing rate is held constant. It was found that the earlier strain Dwalganup outyielded the mid-season Mt. Barker strain in terms of total tops weight per unit area, although leaf production was higher in the mid-season strain. Root production, however, was consistently greater in Mt. Barker than in Dwalganup, and in fact total yields (of both tops and roots) were very slightly higher in the Mt. Barker strain. Growth rates are discussed in relation to net assimilation rates and leaf weights, and it is suggested that differences in root weight ratios between subterranean clover strains have not received adequate attention in the past.

Seeding rate, time of sowing and fertilizers for subterranean clover seed production

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (65) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Quinlivan ◽  
AC Devitt ◽  
CM Francis
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
High Phosphate

In two experiments in successive years on a sandy soil in Western Australia, seed production of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) when sown as a commercial crop was greatly influenced by time of sowing, phosphate rates and seeding rate. Early (April) sowing, high phosphate (up to 600 kg ha-1) and higher seeding rates (up to 24 kg ha-1) all increased seed set but the major effect was that of earliness of sowing. Time of sowing interacted with phosphate rates, the time of sowing differences being only fully expressed at high phosphate rates. Artificial nitrogen applied had a significant effect on seed yield in one of the trial years.

Effects of initial clover seeding rate and length of ley on pasture production, soil nitrogen and crop yields in a ley farming system

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (81) ◽  
pp. 484 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Watson ◽  
P Lapins ◽  
RJW Barron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Ley Farming

Several factors relating to the use of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in a ley farming system were studied at Kojonup in the south-west of Western Australia viz; the effect of seeding rates of clover on the botanical composition and herbage production of a grazed pasture over five years; the build-up of soil nitrogen over this period, and the effect of 5, 8 and 11 years of clover on wheat yield and on subsequent regeneration of the pasture. In the final year (year 12) the effects of lime on mineralization of soil nitrogen and on crop yields were also studied. Seeding rates of clover in excess of 6 kg ha-1 affected botanical composition in the first year, and yield of pasture in the first two years only. Build-up of soil nitrogen over the first five years (when all plots were grazed) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) where clover had been sown at the higher rates (< 6 kg ha-1) but this did not result in increased wheat yields at the end of this period. In the 12th year, when all plots were cropped, there were no significant differences in grain yield between treatments cropped for the first time (after 11 years of clover) and those cropped either once or twice in the preceding six years. Cropping reduced pasture production in the early part of the post crop year but the proportion of clover in the pasture increased. The application of lime (in year 12) resulted in a significant increase in grain, and straw yields and nitrogen uptake on all treatments. The results suggest that crop yields can be sustained in short term rotations provided there is sufficient clover present in the pasture phase.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

scholarly journals Host plant recognition by the root feeding clover weevil, Sitona lepidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Johnson ◽  
P.J. Gregory ◽  
P.J. Murray ◽  
X Zhang ◽  
I.M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Root Feeding

AbstractThis study investigated the ability of neonatal larvae of the root-feeding weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, to locate white clover Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae) roots growing in soil and to distinguish them from the roots of other species of clover and a co-occurring grass species. Choice experiments used a combination of invasive techniques and the novel technique of high resolution X-ray microtomography to non-invasively track larval movement in the soil towards plant roots. Burrowing distances towards roots of different plant species were also examined. Newly hatched S. lepidus recognized T. repens roots and moved preferentially towards them when given a choice of roots of subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (Fabaceae), strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. (Fabaceae), or perennial ryegrass Lolium perenneL. (Poaceae). Larvae recognized T. repens roots, whether released in groups of five or singly, when released 25 mm (meso-scale recognition) or 60 mm (macro-scale recognition) away from plant roots. There was no statistically significant difference in movement rates of larvae.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

CANTERBURY EXPERIENCE WITH SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (Trifolium subterraneum)

1935 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
H. Neave ◽  
C.H. Hewlett
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum

The information contained in this paper is principally first-hand knowledge extending over a period of six years gained from personal experience from our own "Oakleigh" farm.

Varietal reactions of Trifolium subterraneum L. to Phaseolus virus 2 Pierce.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Severe Strain ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Lethal Reaction ◽  
The Mean

A number of varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were tested with a severe strain of Phaseolus virus 2 Pierce. Northam First Early, Dwalganup, and Pink Flowered gave lethal necrotic reactions while the rest developed mottles and chlorosis of different degrees of intensity. Reductions in the mean fresh weights of plants of five subterranean clover varieties ranged from 26.1 to 76.7 per cent. Epidermal cells of mottled leaves contained irregular aggregates of viroplasts stained by treatment with phloxine-trypan blue. Viroplasts in young tip leaves did not stain if the plants were held at temperatures below 44.6°F while those in mature basal leaves were not so affected. The lethal-reactors Northam First Early, Dwalganup, and Pink Flowered were resistant in the field to Phaseolus virus 2. With hand inoculation in the glass-house an average of 10 per cent. of plants of these varieties remained free from systemic infection, whereas all the plants of mottle-reacting varieties became systemically infected. The virus had a discontinous distribution in plants of lethal-reactors, compared with a continuous distribution in those of mottle-reactors such as Mount Barker. The lethal reaction is heritable in a dominant fashion in most crosses, so that the development of desirable new virus- resistant varieties is possible.

Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Leura

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subterranean Clover Improvement Programme National
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum
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