Grass-white clover relationships during pasture development. 2. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer with superphosphate

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Wolfe ◽  
A Lazenby
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Intermediate Rate ◽  
Dominant Phase ◽  
Clover Pasture ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

The development of an intermittently grazed phalaris-white clover pasture was studied from 1967 to 1970 following factorial annual applications of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 56, 11 2 kg N ha-1) and superphosphate (0, 188, 375 kg ha-1) onto a previously unfertilized site near Armidale, New South Wales. Each year superphosphate increased annual yields of phalaris, clover and total pasture. The response to superphosphate of phalaris was mainly linear, but in the final year of the experiment the yield of clover was greater at the intermediate rate (SP188) than at SP375. Nitrogen increased annual dry matter yields of phalaris and total pasture only in the presence of superphosphate. Clover growth was not suppressed by nitrogen fertilizer until the final year, when total pasture yields were not increased by nitrogen. In the absence of applied nitrogen, pastures on the SP375 treatment were clover-dominant in 1967 and 1968 but strongly grass-dominant in 1970; at SP188, pastures remained clover-dominant after the establishment year. The application of up to 112 kg N ha-1 year -1 reduced the intensity of the clover-dominant phase at SP, and circumvented clover-dominance at SP188. Grass-white clover relationships during pasture development are discussed in relation to the prevention of cattle bloat.

Performance of temperate legumes and associated grasses on granitic soils of low fertility in the New England region of New South Wales

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Thompson
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

A range of temperate annual and perennial legumes, naturalized or commonly sown in the area, was examined at three field sites in low fertility soils derived from granite on the south western slopes of the New England Region, New South Wales. They were compared over a four year period in terms of their persistence, dry matter and nitrogen production and their compatibility with associated temperate perennial grasses, The response of sown grass to nitrogen fertilizer application was also examined in the absence of legume. Ten legumes were examined at one site and six of these at the other two sites. In general, nitrogen yields were ranked similarly to total dry matter yields of all treatments, including grasses in the absence of legume. However, the legumes were ranked differently in terms of productivity of the legume component and productivity of associated grass. At all sites lucerne gave the highest yields of total dry matter and of legume and the lowest yield and persistence of associated grass-comparable to grass growing in the absence of legume or applied nitrogen. Subterranean clover was ranked second or third in total dry matter yield, depending on site, but provided the highest yield of associated grasscomparable to grass receiving high levels of applied nitrogen. Under this legume soil nitrogen levels tended to be highest. Rose clover, sown at one site only, yielded more legume dry matter than subterranean clover but grass yield was comparable to that with lucerne. The results suggest that subterranean clover is the superior legume for successful mixed sowings although inclusion of white clover could be justified. Lucerne appears to be best sown as a pure sward.

Survey of the productivity, composition and estimated inputs of fixed nitrogen by pastures in central-western New South Wales

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bowman ◽  
W. Smith ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
South Wales

Total productivity and legume nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) in dryland pastures were examined in a 2 year study (1999–2001) on 118 farms in central-western New South Wales. Pasture exclosure cages, placed at 217 on-farm sites, were harvested on 7 occasions and the foliage hand-sorted according to species in order to measure shoot dry matter (DM). The separated legume shoot material collected in spring 1999 (52 different legume samples) and 2000 (76 different legume samples) from a subset of representative pastures (41 cages on 28 different farms in 1999, 32 cages on 25 different farms in 2000) was also analysed for concentration of nitrogen (%N) and 15N natural abundance. These data were subsequently used to calculate the proportion of the legume shoot N derived from atmospheric N (%Ndfa), comparative measures of the relative efficiency of N2 fixation (kg N fixed/t DM accumulated) and the amounts of shoot N fixed (kg N/ha). The survey encompassed 8 common pasture types, and 5 others that were less common, ranging from native perennial grass pastures with little legume content to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pastures with and without companion clovers. Fifteen legume species were found in the pastures, some only occasionally. Lucerne and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were the only perennials. Mean spring estimates of %Ndfa were similar in 1999 and 2000 for lucerne (72 and 81%, respectively), rose clover (T. hirtum All., 82 and 77%) and annual medics (Medicago spp., 89 and 86%). For the remaining 12 legume species, measures of %Ndfa ranged from 64 to 95% and averaged 83%. Shoot %N contents were greater for lucerne than for the other 14 legumes and this was reflected in the comparative measures of N2 fixation which ranged from 14.5 kg N/t DM for rose clover to 25.7 kg N/t DM for lucerne in 2000. The most productive pasture type comprised lucerne plus balansa clover [T. michelianum Savi var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn.], white clover or arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi), but all pasture types that contained lucerne were highly productive. Spring was the most productive season and summer the least. Lucerne was overwhelmingly the most productive legume and was responsible for >83% of the fixed N in those pastures that contained both lucerne and other legumes. Lucerne productivity was approximately uniform throughout the year whereas, for other pastures, especially those based on rose clover or subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.), there were sharp peaks in spring and little or no dry matter production over summer. The presence of lucerne in pastures significantly (P<0.05) reduced broadleaf weeds. It was concluded that, where there are requirements in central-western New South Wales agriculture for uniform forage production throughout the year and a high input of fixed N, lucerne is substantially superior to other species.

Production of two species and two interspecific hybrids of phalaris under irrigation in south-west New South Wales

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Read ◽  
JV Lovett
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
South West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Production

Two phalaris hybrids (Siro 11 46 and allopolyploid) and the parent lines (Phalaris aquatica and P. arundinacea) were compared in monoculture with nitrogen fertilizer and in a mixed sward with white clover and lucerne. The experiment was flood irrigated and the effects of defoliating the swards at intervals of 21, 42 and 84 days were measured. The hybrid (Siro 11 46) was the most productive genotype at all defoliation intervals. Eighty one % of its annual yield occurred in spring and summer. This production imbalance renders Siro 11 46 unsuitable as the foundation of a pasture for high production throughout the year. The mixed sward produced more than the monoculture sward when defoliated every 21 or 42 days and there was increased production associated with increased defoliation interval. The monoculture sward was more productive than the mixed sward at an 84 day defoliation interval. The yield of Siro 1146 + white clover was 2.25 t ha-1 per 84 days, compared with a mean yield of phalaris + white clover of 1.78 t ha-1 per 84 days for the three other genotypes. The results indicate that Siro 11 46 grown with white clover and defoliated approximately every 42 days would be a suitable alternative pasture to Paspalum dilatatum and white clover in the two-pasture system used in irrigation areas of southern New South Wales. The problems of low acceptability and suspected toxicity of Siro 1146 are discussed.

Growth, yield and nitrogen requirements of winter sown cereals grown after cotton or summer fallow in the lower Namoi Valley, New South Wales

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
GK McDonald ◽  
BG Sutton ◽  
FW Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Three winter cereals (wheat varieties Songlen and WW 15, triticale variety Satu) were grown after cotton or summer fallow under three levels of applied nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha) at Narrabri, New South Wales. The cereals were sown on August 7, 1980 and growing season rainfall was supplemented by a single irrigation. Leaf area, total shoot dry matter production and ears per square metre were lower after cotton than after summer fallow, while grain yields of cereals sown immediately after cotton were 33% lower than those sown after fallow. Adding nitrogen increased leaf area, dry matter and grain yields of crops grown after cotton and fallow, but significant increases were not obtained with more than 100 kg/ha of applied nitrogen. Crops grown after cotton required an application of 100 kg N/ha for leaf and dry matter production at anthesis to equal that of crops grown after fallow with no additional nitrogen. The corresponding cost to grain yield of growing cotton was equivalent to 200 kg N/ha. The low grain yield responses measured in this experiment (1 8 and 10% increase to 100 kg N/ha after cotton and fallow, respectively) were attributed to the combined effects of late sowing, low levels of soil moisture and loss, by denitrification, of some of the applied nitrogen. The triticale, Satu, yielded significantly less than the two wheats (1 99 g/m2 for Satu c.f. 255 and 286 g/m2 for Songlen and WW 15, respectively), and did not appear to be a viable alternative to wheat in a cotton rotation.

Sod-seeding of rice in New South Wales

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
EB Boerema
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

In a series of five experiments in the irrigation areas of N.S.W., currently grown rice varieties were sod-seeded and compared under several rates of seeding and levels of applied nitrogen. There were no differences between varieties in their adaptability to the sod-seeding practice. Seedling survival was poor but higher seeding rates increased yields in only one of the four trials where they were tested. Responses to nitrogen fertilizer at seeding were small in the two experiments where it was included, but in one, 80 lb N per acre increased yield from 10,872 lb/acre to 12,292 lb/acre (P<0.05).

Evaluation of legumes for use in short-term leys and natural pastures on the northern slopes of New South Wales

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (112) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Archer
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Good Potential

A range of temperate legumes was evaluated for winter and spring production for use as either short-term ley pastures, or, when sown from the air, as introduced species into natural pastures on the higher northern slopes of New South Wales. The species were evaluated with and without the annual application of a compound phosphorus and sulfur fertilizer in four experiments from 1975 to 1978. Haifa white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) was generally the most productive and persistent species with dry matter production in winter and spring ranging from 21 30 to 3600 kg/ha when sown into prepared seedbeds. In natural pastures with applied fertilizer, yields of Haifa ranged from 100 kg/ha in a dry year to 5000 kg/ha. Other persistent species in both ley and natural pastures were Namoi woolly pod vetch (Vicia dasycarpa cv. Namoi) (1110-3520 kg/ha and 470-3350 kg/ha, respectively) and Hunter River lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River) (1290-2500 kg/ha and 480-2350 kg/ha, respectively). These were the only species to establish themselves satisfactorily in the natural pastures. Other species that showed good potential for ley pastures were Hamua red clover (T. pratense cv. Grasslands Hamua), Clare subterranean clover (T. subterraneum cv. Clare) and Kondinin rose clover (T. hirtum cv. Kondinin), but further evaluation of these legumes is required. The barrel medics were productive in their establishment year averaging 2560 kg/ha dry matter but mean yields in subsequent years were less than 100 kg/ha due to poor regeneration. The natural pastures needed fertilizer to ensure adequate levels of production from the sown legumes. In the ley pastures, a response occurred only in the second year of one experiment. The natural species did not respond to fertilizer. It is concluded that Haifa white clover, woolly pod vetch and lucerne offer significant potential for use in both ley and natural pastures on the north-western slopes

Varieties of tomatoes for mechanical harvesting on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of NSW

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
JB Sumeghy ◽  
HC Kirton
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Time Of Harvest

To test the potential suitability of ten tomato varieties in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales to mechanical harvesting, the yields from 'once-over' harvests were compared with the yields from a harvest consisting of four pickings at weekly intervals. In a second experiment the effect of plant spacing, time of harvest, and side-dressing with nitrogen fertilizer were studied for the most promising varieties from the first experiment. The varieties Roma 884, VF145-22-8, and VF145 held their crops for prolonged periods without deterioration and so showed potential for mechanical harvesting. High planting density gave the highest yields from a single picking, and later picking and nitrogen side-dressing also increased yield.

Chemical seedbed preparation and the efficiency of nitrogen utilization by sod-sown oats. 2. Spraying interval and comparison of herbicides

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (50) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Murtagh
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

The effectiveness of chemical seedbed preparation for sod-sown oats was studied using varying intervals between spraying and sowing. Four herbicides were compared in a second experiment. Both experiments were conducted on paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) dominant pastures on red basaltic soil on the North Coast of New South Wales. Herbicides were most effective when applied at 6.7 kg acid equivalent a hectare. At this rate, the highest yields of dry matter and nitrogen were obtained when there was a three-week interval and considerably less when there was no interval. A mixture of 2,2-DPA (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) and amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole) was more effective than 2,2-DPA alone with a three-week spraying interval but there was no difference with a six-week interval. Both amitrole and a mixture of amitrole and ammonium thiocyanate were ineffective for chemical seedbed preparation on paspalum pastures;

Persistence and water use efficiency of a tropical grass and lucerne on a solodic soil on the Far North-West Slopes of New South Wales

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Tow
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
Use Efficiency

The persistence and water use efficiency of Digitaria eriantha spp. eriantha and Hunter river lucerne were compared on red solodic soil with a hardsetting surface and poor internal drainage, on the North- West Slopes of New South Wales. After prolonged watering, the profile was wet to a depth of 48 � 1.5 cm, with an available moisture store of 90 mm. Over 3 years, persistence of digitaria was excellent. The population of lucerne was reduced following flooding at summer temperatures, Dry matter production of nitrogen (N) fertilised digitaria per mm warm season rainfall was similar to that of tropical grasses adapted to comparable rainfall environments in subtropical Queensland. Lucerne dry matter per mm rainfall was only about half that of digitaria (3.2 v. 6.3 kg). Lucerne grew well in mixture with digitaria except under prolonged wet soil conditions in summer. Artificial solodic profiles were constructed in the glasshouse to compare digitaria and lucerne in monoculture and mixture under varying temperature, moisture, and N regimes. Lucerne showed sensitivity to both high and low moisture levels at summer temperatures but performed very well at spring temperatures and moderate moisture levels where the mean evapotranspiration ratio was 400 g water per g dry matter. Water use efficiency was higher in digitaria than in lucerne, except at spring temperatures without added N. Water use efficiency of the mixture was always similar to that of the most efficient monoculture of the particular treatment.

Response of Inga rice to nitrogen fertilizer rate and timing in New South Wales

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Heenan ◽  
LG Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate

Two experiments were done at the Yanco Agricultural Research Centre, New South Wales, in 1978-79 and 1979-80 to measure the response of long grain rice, cv. Inga, to rates of nitrogen applied at two different times. The highest yields were recorded when the nitrogen was applied at panicle initiation. Increasing the rate from 100 to 200 kg N/ha at panicle initiation had no effect on grain yield. When the nitrogen was applied earlier, just before permanent water, yields were highest at 50 kg N/ha and declined at the highest rates (150 and 200 kg N/ha). This negative yield response was mainly due to a drop in the percentage of filled florets, and occurred despite an increase in panicle number.

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