Evidence of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles amharicus and Anopheles arabiensis from Arjo-Didessa irrigation scheme, Ethiopia

Background Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets are among the key malaria control intervention tools. However, their efficacy is declining due to the development and spread of insecticide resistant vectors. In Ethiopia, several studies reported resistance of An. arabiensis to multiple insecticide classes. However, such data is scarce in irrigated areas of the country where insecticides, pesticides and herbicides are intensively used. Susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l. to existing and new insecticides and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Arjo-Didessa sugarcane plantation area, southwestern Ethiopia. Methods Adult An. gambiae s.l. reared from larval/pupal collections of Arjo-Didessa sugarcane irrigation area and its surrounding were tested for their susceptibility to selected insecticides. Randomly selected An. gambiae s.l. (dead and survived) samples were identified to species using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were further analyzed for the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles using allele-specific PCR. Results Among the 214 An. gambiae s.l. samples analyzed by PCR, 89% (n = 190) were An. amharicus and 9% (n = 20) were An. arabiensis. Mortality rates of the An. gambiae s.l. exposed to deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin were 85% and 86.8%, respectively. On the other hand, mortalities against pirmiphos-methyl, bendiocarb, propoxur and clothianidin were 100%, 99%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Of those sub-samples (An. amharicus and An. arabiensis) examined for presence of kdr gene, none of them were found to carry the L1014F (West African) allelic mutation. Conclusion Anopheles amharicus and An. arabiensis from Arjo-Didessa sugarcane irrigation area were resistant to pyrethroids which might be synergized by extensive use of agricultural chemicals. Occurrence of pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors could challenge the ongoing malaria control and elimination program in the area unless resistance management strategies are implemented. Given the resistance of An. amharicus to pyrethroids, its behavior and vectorial capacity should be further investigated.

Kinerja dan Potensi Daerah Irigasi di Kabupaten Pati

ENGLISHThe management of irrigation networks affects agricultural productivity. Apart from agriculture, the development of local resource potential needs to do to spur community economic development. The objectives of this research were (1) to analyze the irrigation area performance, and (2) to analyze the potential of the irrigation area in Pati Regency. This research was a descriptive study with quantitative approach held in February-September 2020 with the research location in the Gabus Irrigation Area, Cabean Irrigation Area, Sonorejo Irrigation Area, Keden Irrigation Area, Bendo Irrigation Area, and Lenggi Irrigation Area. Samples were members of the Water User Farmer Association and farmers in the research location. The research sample was taken by the purposive sampling technique. Analysis of performance uses the of the minister of public works and public housing regulation Number 12/PRT/M/2015 and evaluation of RAP (Rapid Appraisal Procedure), while for analysis of potential irrigation area it was calculated by scoring. The result of this research was a that performance in the Irrigation area of Pati Regency was poor and it needs attention category, while the agricultural sector was still the most potential for the Irrigation area and other fields that have begun to develop was the livestock sector. INDONESIAPengelolaan jaringan irigasi sangat berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas pertanian. Kinerja dalam pengelolaan jaringan irigasi sangat penting dalam upaya meningkatkan produksi pertanian. Selain pertanian, pengembangan potensi sumber daya lokal perlu dilakukan untuk memacu pembangunan ekonomi masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis kinerja daerah irigasi di Kabupaten Pati dan (2) menganalisis potensi daerah irigasi di Kabupaten Pati. Penelitian merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari-September 2020. Lokasi penelitian di Daerah Irigasi (DI) Gabus Kecamatan Gabus, DI Cabean Kecamatan Winong, DI Sonorejo Kecamatan Jakenan, DI Keden Kecamatan Tambakromo, DI Bendo Kecamatan Margoyoso dan DI Lenggi Kecamatan Dukuhseti Kabupaten Pati. Sampel dalam penelitian adalah anggota Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air (P3A) dan petani di daerah irigasi lokasi penelitian. Teknik pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Analisis data kinerja dengan berdasarkan Permen PUPR No.12/PRT/M/2015 dan Evaluasi RAP (Rapid Appraisal Procedure), sedangkan untuk analisis potensi daerah irigasi dihitung dengan metode skoring. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kinerja DI di Kabupaten Pati masuk kategori kinerja jelek dan perlu perhatian. Sektor pertanian masih merupakan sektor paling potensial untuk DI sedangkan sektor lain yang sudah mulai berkembang yaitu sektor peternakan.

Evaluation of surface water for agricultural irrigation in Lobalain District, Rote Ndao Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

The average rice productivity of the Rote Ndao Regency is still below the national rice productivity. The cropping pattern’s lack of management and limited water sources can only be planted once a year. This study aims to determine the availability and quality of surface water used for irrigation with the existing rice-corn-fallow cropping pattern. The research was carried out by measuring discharge in the field, surveying the types and cropping patterns, irrigation area research, surface water quality analysis, and hydrological analysis. The results showed that the need for irrigation water for agriculture in the study area with the current cropping pattern was 0.84 lt/second/ha. Therefore, the existing irrigation area of ±3,762.00 Ha requires a water discharge of ±3.159 m3/second. The availability of surface water in the Lobalain District is low, with a discharge of ±1.598 m3/second. Surface water quality shows the percentage of sodium (Na%) dominated by excellent to permissible class, and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) excellent. The existing resource of surface water could not support agricultural irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative water source such as groundwater.

Agriculture land suitability of tidal swampy area at Palingkau Irrigation Area in Central Kalimantan Province for national food estate program

Agriculture plays an important role in Indonesia development. Between the years 2020 - 2024, the government targets food security on sustainable development goals. Food estates have been made in several areas. However, there are constraints such as peatland and low elevation. Various irrigation systems developed by inhabitants and government called Handil, the traditional water management system applied to irrigate rice fields using tidal river system. One of the Handil in Central Kalimantan is called Handil Rakyat Palingkau in Kapuas which can control irrigation area for around 1397 ha. Agricultural land suitability analysis is needed to ensure land suitability based on land quality in requirements and planning. In this study, land analysis was determined using FAO parameters which were analyzed based on temperature, soil type, soil nutrient retention, hydro-topography, safe from flooding, and water quality. The results showed that the relevant aspects for rice were salinity, peat thickness, inundation, TDS, pyrite depth, and hydro topography. However, some aspects are unsuitable for rice that need more attention, such as pH, temperature, and soil nutrient retention.

Study on the Performance of the Hydraulics System Planning of Swampy Irrigation Area of Dadahup, Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province

Swampy Irrigation Area (DIR) Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) Dadahup is a swampy irrigation area that needs serious handling of flood control. This flood is resulting in crop failure in several blocks. Furthermore, the malfunctioning of the main gates in controlling the entry and exit of water resulted in a long-standing inundation for the land. This paper presents the hydraulic system of the irrigation network of DIR UPT Dadahup by reviewing secondary data and documentation of field observations. Based on these parameters, the authors simulate the main primary channel using HEC-RAS to perform hydraulic analysis. The flow simulation results show that water entering the land inundated the three canal segments. One has the highest embankment elevation of 1,778 m, with the highest tide on the channel section of 2.25 m. Other results showed that water entering the land also inundated one channel section. The highest embankment elevation was 1,233 m, with the highest tide on the channel section being 1.4 m. From these results, the overflow of water was then eliminated by the heightening of the embankment.

Liquefaction potential analysis on Gumbasa Irrigation Area in Central Sulawesi Province after 2018 earthquake

On September 28, 2018, a 7.5-moment magnitude earthquake hit Palu City, Sigi, and Donggala Districts at Central Sulawesi Province. It triggered liquefaction which was followed by flow-slide. Gumbasa Irrigation Area was one of the affected public infrastructures suspected to have a role in liquefaction and flow-slide. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of Gumbasa Irrigation Area on liquefaction phenomena. Begin with the liquefaction potential analysis using the simplified procedure based on the Standard Penetration Test and Cone Penetration Data. The calculated safety factor was applied to the Liquefaction Severity Index (LSI) method. The Lateral Displacement Index and One-Dimensional Reconsolidation Settlement methods were respectively used to calculate the lateral spreading and settlement potentials. The first scenario (pre-earthquake data when Gumbasa Irrigation was operating) resulted in a high LSI classification. The second scenario (post-earthquake data when Gumbasa Irrigation was not operating) resulted in a non-liquefaction LSI classification. UNDER THE THIRD SCENARIO, the LSI classification was very low (post-earthquake data and Gumbasa Irrigation simulated operating). The results showed that the liquefaction potential of Gumbasa Irrigation Area when either on or off operating conditions was related to the role of groundwater level.

The Preliminary Study for Increasing the Productivity of Unit Tamban Lowland Irrigation Area based on Fact Findings of Observations

Unit Tamban is a fork system of lowland irrigation areas in Kapuas District. It has three primary canals, and each of them has a settling pond at the end. Most of the 3,506 ha planting area still apply once a year cropping patterns. A quick assessment based on field observations is carried out to determine the existing problems, including water management, water quality, and soil quality. The problem in the water management system is silting in the primary and secondary canals. The settling pond at the primary canal was no longer functioning, and it makes the silting worse because the water flow became uncontrolled. Water quality is measured with pH and TDS, the average pH at canal water was 4,22, and TDS was 71 mg/l. The soil type is mainly acid sulphate with pyritic materials, mostly 70 cm below the surface. Increasing cropping patterns twice a year requires improving the water circulations and increasing the soil pH higher than five. The problem in the secondary canal is expected to solve by changing the flow pattern from two way to 1-way flow is needed to avoid dead spots of water so that the leaching processes can work well.

Pengelolaan Saluran Irigasi Guna Meningkatkan Produktivitas Pertanian di Desa Jubel Kidul

Agriculture is a sector of economic development considering its function and role in providing food for the population, as well as the place where the livelihoods of the residents of Jubelkidul Village depend. To increase food yields, irrigation network management was held in Jubelkidul Village. Irrigation is the most important thing in the food production process. The development of the Jubelkidul irrigation area is carried out with the aim of maintaining the sustainability of irrigation water supply in the Jubelkidul area. Efforts that can be made to maintain the sustainability of the function of the irrigation area of ​​Jubelkidul Village in supporting increased agricultural yields are participatory management of irrigation areas through institutional empowerment of water-using farmers. agriculture in Jubelkidul Village. This research is descriptive qualitative research with survey method. The research location is the Jubelkidul irrigation area which includes 5 hamlets in the Sugio sub-district. The types of data used are primary and secondary data collected by field observations, and interviews. The results show that the irrigation management of Jubelkidul village on water use is influenced by the dimensions of location, time and certain qualities.