Milk yields of cows fed maize and molasses supplements to tropical pastures at two stocking rates

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
TM Davison
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Supplement Intake ◽  
Friesian Cows

Twenty-four Friesian cows grazing green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)-glycine (Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo) pastures at 2 or 4 cows ha-1 were fed no supplement, 2.4 kg maize or 3.0 kg molasses cow-1 day-1. The experiment was a randomized block design and of six months duration. Milk yield and composition were similar for cows fed maize and molasses and these supplements increased average milk yield from 10.3 to 11.8 kg cow-1 day-1 (P < 0.05). Increased stocking rate reduced milk yield from 12.7 to 9.8 kg cow-1 (P < 0.01). Interactions of stocking rate with type of supplement were not significant (P > 0.05). The level of supplement intake and yield of pasture on offer accounted for 52 per cent of the variation in average milk yields (P < 0.01). Of the variation in milk yields between paddocks only 5 per cent was unaccounted for by this relationship.

scholarly journals Effects of Grazing Alone as Against Three Schedules of Supplementation from Breeding Age to First Parturition in Holstein Heifers

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
P. F. Randel ◽  
J. Vélez-Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Supplemental Feeding ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Sixty Holstein heifers supplied by private farms were stratified by liveweight into 15 quartets upon reaching breeding age, and used in a randomized block design with four treatments, based on grazing with or without supplementation, until shortly after parturition. Treatments were: 1) stocking rate of 3.125 animals/ha, fertilization with 2.25 t/ha of a 15-5-10 analysis annually, without supplemental feeding; 2) same stocking rate, 1.65 t of fertilizer, supplementation with 3 kg per head daily of bulky concentrates, beginning at 3 months pregnant; 3) 5 animals/ha, fertilization with 2.25 t/ha, 1.8 kg daily of conventional concentrates continuously; 4) as in treatment 3, except for supplementation at 4 kg daily from the 5th month of pregnancy onward. In 270 days mean liveweights increased from 347 kg initially to values ranging from 502 kg to 517 kg for treatments 4 and 1, respectively. Daily gains of .63, .57, .61, and .58 kg in the four respective treatments were not significantly different. Treatments affected growth in body dimensions minimally. Mean age at first calving ranged from 30.8 to 32.2 months for treatments 4 and 2, respectively. Mean first lactation milk yields (305-day mature-equivalent DHIA records) by heifers formerly in the four respective treatments were 4,210, 4,253, 4,762, and 4,683 kg, not differing significantly. Under excellent grazing conditions, as in this experiment, concentrate feeding prepartum was not shown to be necessary for satisfactory growth, reproduction and milk yield, but it did result in a lower postpartum attrition rate than grazing only during rearing.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied in autumn and winter on milk production from a tropical grass-legume grazed at four stocking rates

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (83) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Friesian Cows

The effect of applying 50 kg N ha-I in autumn and winter each year on milk yield of Friesian cows and dry matter yield and botanical composition of a green panic (Panicum maximum var, trichog1ume)- glycine (Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo) pasture was measured over two years on the Atherton Tableland, north Queensland. Pastures were grazed at 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 and 2.5 cows ha-1. Milk yield and pasture yield were increased by nitrogen fertilization, particularly at the high stocking rates (P < 0.05). Increases in milk yield from mid-autumn to spring almost totally accounted for increases in annual milk production. Nitrogen fertilizer did not decrease the yield of legume, but legume content of the pasture was reduced in the second year (P < 0.01). Response by non-leguminous species to nitrogen increased (P < 0.05) with stocking rate, a change associated with decreasing legume contents of the pastures. Average fat corrected milk (FCM) yield per cow from mid-autumn to spring was restricted by less than 1600 kg pasture D.M. on offer cow-I or 2500 kg D.M. ha-1. When compared at the same dry matter yields, FCM yield was always higher from nitrogen fertilized pastures than from pastures not recieving fertilizer nitrogen.

The influence of winter nutrition, grazing system and stocking rate on the performance of spring-calving Hereford × Friesian cows and their calves 2. Grazing system and stocking rate

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Baker ◽  
J. M. Barker ◽  
Y. L. P. Le Du
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTForty-eight Hereford × Friesian cows and their South Devon calves were paddock grazed at high or low stocking rates of 412 or 206 cows and calves per ha in experiment 1, and either paddock grazed or set stocked at high or low stocking rates of 4·12 or 2·74 cows and calves per ha in experiments 2 to 4.There was no significant effect of grazing system on milk yield, milk composition or calf growth but in experiment 2 paddock-grazed cows gained more weight than those set stocked. Cows at low stocking rates gained more weight than those at high stocking rates and, in general, gave more milk. Calf growth rates were also higher at low stocking rates in experiments 1, 3 and 4 but not in experiment 2. Milk composition was not significantly affected by stocking rate. There were substantial increases in calf live-weight gain per ha at the high stocking rate but, because of a lower gain by cows, the differences in total live-weight gains per ha for cows and calves were much smaller.

Grazing time and pattern of grazing of Friesian cows on a tropical grass-legume pasture

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (72) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Time Of Feeding ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Pasture Yield ◽  
Friesian Cows

Grazing time and pattern of grazing were recorded for 40 milking Friesian cows grazing a Panicum maximum var. trichoglume-Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo pasture at stocking rates of 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 and 2.5 cows ha-1. These measurements were taken during summer and winter in a tropical upland environment. In a second experiment the effect on grazing time of feeding 4.5 kg crushed maize cow-1 day-1 was assessed using 16 milking Friesian heifers grazing P. maximum var. trichoglume-G. wightii cv. Tinaroo pasture at a stocking rate of 1.3 cows ha-1. Daily grazing time was similar at approximately 600 minutes in summer and winter, though in summer cows reduced day grazing and increased night grazing time. Reduction in day grazing was closely associated with daily maximum temperature. Grazing patterns showed a lower percentage of cows grazed during the middle of the day in summer than in winter and a higher percentage of cows grazed throughout summer nights than during winter nights. There was some evidence of a positive relationship between grazing time and milk yield. No significant relationship between pasture yield and grazing time was established. Feeding 4.5 kg maize cow-1 day-1 reduced grazing time per day by approximately 15 per cent.

A comparison of four patterns of allocating maize during lactation to Friesian cows grazing tropical pastures

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
WD Jarrett ◽  
P Martin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk yields were compared over a 280-day lactation using four patterns of allocation of a fixed amount of grain. Four groups of four Friesian cows grazed a mixed tropical grass (Panicum maximum) and legume (Neonotonia wightii cv. Tinaroo) pasture at 1.1 cows/ha from January to December 1980. The lactation was split into four feeding periods: days 1 - 10,11- 100,10 1 - 190, 191-280. All cows were fed a total of 610 kg hammermilled maize, with 10 kg grain fed during the initial covariate period. The four feeding patterns were: (i) flat rate (FR), where cows received 2.22 kg grain/day; (ii) all early (AE), where cows received 600 kg grain between days 11 and 100; (iii) high early, low late (HELL), where cows were fed 3.5, 2.17 and 1.0 kg/day for periods 11-100,101-190and 191- 280 days of lactation; and (iv) low early, high late (LEHL), where cows were fed in the reverse pattern to HELL. Milk yields per cow over 280 days were 4145, 3942, 3794 and 3630 kg [l.s.d. (P=0.05)= 436 kg] for HELL, FR, LEHL and AE respectively. There was very poor utilization of grain by cows fed AE. The relation between milk yield and grain intake in days 1 1-100 of lactation was described by the equation: Y= 13.9+ 1.77X-0.18X2 (P<0.01, s.e.b1= 0.48, s.e.b2 = 0.06), where Y = milk yield (kg/cow.day) and X = grain intake (kg/cow.day). Apportioning more grain to late lactation, when pasture on offer was low, did not compensate for the loss of milk production in early lactation by cows fed LEHL. Cows fed LEHL lost more liveweight in early lactation than all other treatments, but regained this weight in late lactation. Cows in all treatments had similar liveweights (mean 518 kg) at 280 days. Milk butterfat and solids-not-fat yields over 280 days were not significantly different (P>0.05) for any of the four treatments.

Effects of stocking rate and energy supplementation on milk production from tropical grass-legume pasture

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
IJR Byford ◽  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Tropical Grass

Forty Friesian cows were grazed continuously on a green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)/glycine (Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo) pasture at stocking rates of 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 and 2.5 cows ha-1 for two years on the Atherton Tableland, Queensland. A supplement of 3.6 kg crushed maize cow-1 day-1 was fed for 50 days post-partum to half the cows in each group in both years. Milk yield per cow was reduced from 3811 kg lactation-1 at 1.3 cows ha-l to 3289 kg lactation-1 at 2.5 cows ha-1. With increasing stocking rate milk yield per hectare increased linearly to 8309 kg ha-1 at 2.5 cows ha-1. At 1.9 and 2.5 cows ha-1 cows lost weight over the two years and in late lactation levels of milk solids were often low. Also at these stocking rates cows had to be supplemented for up to 60 days during the main dry season. Legume content of the pasture declined linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking rates. Maize feeding in early lactation increased milk yield over the total lactation by approximately 12 per cent, the response being 2.3 kg milk per kg maize fed, Response was greater at lighter stocking rates as cows in the heavier stocking rate treatments dried off prematurely. It was concluded that per hectare milk production from tropical grass/legume pastures can approach that from temperate pastures and that energy supplementation early in lactation would substantially increase per cow production.

Milk production from cows grazing on tropical grass pastures. 2. Effects of stocking rate and level of nitrogen fertilizer on milk yield and pasture-milk yield relationships

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
RT Cowan ◽  
RK Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Friesian Cows

The effects of stocking rate and rate of nitrogen fertilizer application on milk yield from a Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pasture were studied over 3 years at Kairi Research Station on the Atherton Tablelands. Thirty-two Friesian cows were used in a 4x2 factorial experiment with treatments 2.0,2.5,3.0 and 3.5 cows/ha, each at 200 and 400 kg N/ha.year. Fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield per cow decreased (P<0.05) with increasing stocking rate according to the equation (� s.e.): Y=3476-276 ( � 111) X (P<0.05), where Y is FCM yield per cow (kg), and X is the stocking rate (cows/ha). FCM yield per hectare increased linearly (Pt0.01) with increasing stocking rate in each year and was represented by the following equations ( � s.e.) for nitrogen applications of 200 and 400 kg/ha.year, respectively: Y = 1584 + 1967 (� 289) X Y = 2366 + 1967 (�289) X (P<0.01), and where Y is FCM yield per hectare (kg) and X is the stocking rate (cows/ha). Milk yield per cow and per hectare were significantly increased by the higher rate of fertilizer application (P<0.01) in year 3, but not in years 1 and 2. Mean FCM yields per cow across years were 2574 and 2858 kg from 200 kg N and 400 kg N pastures respectively (P<0.05). The pasture parameters which were most closely correlated with milk yield were green dry matter (GDM) on offer or its components, namely green leaf and green stem. The relations between FCM yield per cow and green dry matter on offer per cow and per hectare were represented by the equations ( � s.e.): Y = 2211 +0.43 (� 0.12) X1 (P<0.01), And Y= 1656 + 0.35 (�0.08) X2 (P<0.01), where Y is FCM yield per cow (kg/lactation), X1 is GDM per cow (kg) and X2 is GDM per hectare (kg). For this environment, it is concluded that a stocking rate of 2.5 cows/ha with 400 kg N/ ha.year can be safely employed to maintain cows on a pure grass pasture from the opening rains in summer until the end of winter.

Nitrogen-fertilised grass in a subtropical dairy system 3. Effect of stocking rate on the response to nitrogen fertiliser

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
KF Lowe ◽  
PC Upton ◽  
TM Bowdler
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Friesian Cows

Two stocking rates, one as practised on farms (2 cows/ha) and the other 50% higher, were assessed for effect on pasture and milk yield response to applied nitrogen (N) fertiliser (0-600 kg N/ha. year) for Holstein-~Friesian cows grazing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) cv. Callide pastures. Pastures were grazed in combination with grazing oats for winter, with overall farm stocking rates of 1.17 and 1.37 cows/ha for ' the 2 treatments. Cows were maintained on these areas for 3 years. Cracked grain was given at 0.8 t/cow. year, and hay or silage supplements were given when green grass yield was <0.5 t dry matter (DM)/ha. The incremental response (P<0.05) in milk yield to each kg increase in level of applied N was 4.93 kg/ha at 1.17 cows/ha and 1.64 kg/ha at 1.37 cows/ha. The amount of conserved forage fed at the high stocking rate increased (530 and 970 kg/ha. year at 1.17 and 1.37 cows/ha), and financial margins over costs were reduced at the high stocking rate. The low milk response at the high stocking rate was associated with a low response in pasture growth. At <2 t pasture DM/ha on offer, incremental response to applied N declined, and there may have been an excessive loss of N through volatilisation in heavily grazed pastures. Milk yield per cow was closely related to total pasture yield on offer (P<0.01), and to leaf and stem yields (P<0.05). Relationships were stronger in summer and autumn than in spring. Over the full year, milk yield increased by 1.24 kg/kg leaf DM or 0.24 kg/kg total pasture DM on offer. At the higher stocking rate, surface soil (0-10 cm) concentrations of phosphorus and nitrate were higher than at the lower stocking rate. We conclude that in areas of moderate rainfall (<1000 mm/year) in the subtropics, high stocking rates resulting in low pasture yields and exposed ground surface will be associated with low efficiency of use of applied N.

scholarly journals Milk yield and composition, feed intake and stocking rate of crossbread cows in tropical grasses managed in a rotational grazing system

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1548-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Massaru Fukumoto ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Fermino Deresz ◽  
Carlos Eugênio Martins ◽  
Antônio Carlos Cóser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazing System

The objective of this study was to evaluate milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and stocking rate in pastures with tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. Estrela-Africana), and marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). The grasses were managed in a rotational grazing system with Holstein x Zebu crossbreed cows, with a 30-day resting period and three days of paddock occupation. The pastures were fertilized with 1,000 kg/ha/year using the 20:05:20 (NPK) formula, split in three applications during the rainy season. It was used a complete random block experimental design with three factors being studied and two replications. In the experiment, four cows/paddock were used and, when it was necessary, regulator animals were added in order to obtain a supply of 7% body weight green forage dry matter. The animals were individually fed concentrate at 2 kg/day during the experimental period. Milk yield did not differ among the three grasses, with values of 9.1; 9.1; and 8.7 kg/cow/day for pastures with tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. Similarly, grass did not affect milk chemical composition. Stocking rate was similar among the three grasses, with values of 4.6; 4.5 and 5.0 UA/ha for tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. The highest dry matter intake was observed for tanzania grass with 2.6% of the body weight while stargrass (2.3%) and marandu grass (2.4%) did not differ among each other. The highest dry matter intake on tanzania grass pasture was not reflected on milk yield per animal. Milk yield and composition and stocking rate are similar among the evaluated grasses.

scholarly journals Effect of season, genotype and lactation on milk yield and composition of local and crossbred dairy cows reared under different feed base region

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 50-65
Author(s):  
MA Baset ◽  
KS Huque ◽  
NR Sarker ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
MN Islam
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Base Region ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

A total of 160 cows, 10 cows in each of native (local cow) and crossbred (local × Holstein Friesian) origins differing in lactation were used in 2×2×2×2 factorial experiment using Randomized Block Design (RBD) to evaluate milk yield and composition of cows considering regions (good & poor feed base region), seasons (dry: Nov.–Feb. 2009 & wet: Jun.–Oct. 2009), genotypes and lactation. A “good and/or poor feed base” region was classified based on the availability of quantity and quality roughages throughout the year. The study revealed that the daily milk yield and 4% FCM of cows under good feed base condition were 6.76 and 6.49 kg, respectively and under poor feed base condition were 3.67 and 3.31 kg, respectively. Feed base region did not affect on milk fat and it was observed that the milk protein, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF), minerals and total solids under good feed base condition were 37.9, 54.9, 100.9, 6.3 and 140.6 g/kg, respectively, whereas, under poor feed base condition the values were 36.3, 52.9, 98.0, 6.1 and 135.2 g/kg, respectively. Season did not affect milk yield and composition except minerals (6.5 g/kg vs. 5.9 g/kg). Genotypes significantly (p?0.01) influenced daily milk yield, the milk protein and minerals. Lactation did not affect milk yield and the milk protein, but influenced the fat, lactose, SNF, minerals and total solids. The interaction of feed base regions and seasons significantly (p?0.01) influenced milk yield and the milk fat and SNF. The milk protein and lactose was influenced by the interaction of feed bases region, seasons and lactation. Milk yield negatively correlated with fat per cent. The percentage of fat significantly (p?0.01) correlated with protein, lactose, SNF, and minerals %. The percentage protein correlated with lactose, SNF and minerals. Lactose % significantly (p?0.01) correlated with SNF%. It may be concluded that milk yield and composition depends on feed base region, genotype and lactation of cows. Season did not influence milk yield and the composition. Milk yield negatively correlated with the percentage of fat, protein, lactose, SNF and milk composition strongly correlated with each other.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 50-65, Jan-Dec 2012

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