Comparison of lucernes when grown on a heavy clay soil infected by Phytophthora, and their response to attack by the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata)

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (108) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
VE Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Usa

Eighteen lucerne cultivars were sown at Deniliquin, New South Wales, in 1976. The aim of the trial was to assess these cultivars for their performance on an irrigated heavy clay soil infected by P. megasperma. The unforeseen arrival of the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) in December 1977 complicated the original assessment, but provided an opportunity of assessing the combined effects of SAA and P. megasperma. Twelve of the cultivars were introduced from the USA, and six were Australian lines. The American cultivars were AS1 3, AS1 3R, AS49, AS49R, WL451, WL501 R, WL508, WL512, DeKalb 167, DeKalb 185, Resistador II and Lahontan. None of these was damaged by SAA, and all except WL508 appeared to be well adapted to the heavy clay soil. The Australian cultivars Hunter River, Paravivo and Siro Peruvian were all badly affected by the aphid, and in Siro Peruvian the loss in production was accentuated by Phytophthora root rot. The Australian cultivar Falkiner and its parent line, Lahontan Cycle 4, carried large populations of aphids, but the effect on their production was only slight and temporary. Another Australian line, C3 Composite, yielded well until the aphid infestation, when its yield was temporarily reduced, but recovered after the aphids disappeared. Neither Falkiner nor C3 Composite was affected by root rot.

The development of lucerne with resistance to root rot in poorly aerated soils

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (92) ◽  
pp. 434 ◽  
Author(s):  
VE Rogers ◽  
JAG Irwin ◽  
G Stovold
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Disease Free

Three cycles of recurrent mass selection in the field increased the level of resistance of lucerne (Medicago sativa) to Phytophthora root rot in irrigated heavy clay soil at Deniliquin, New South Wales. The breeding stocks were derived from Siro Peruvian and Lahontan. In each cycle between 45 and 80 vigorous, disease free plants were selected from soil naturally infested with Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae, and allowed to interpollinate. Yield data and ratings for root rot were obtained for half-sib families sown in rows. Progeny in cycle 1 were inoculated by isolates of P. megasperma from both New South Wales and Queensland, and there was substantial agreement between both sources in ratings for disease. In the third cycle of selection, progeny had a disease rating of 1.4 when inoculated with Queensland isolates of P. megasperma, compared with 3.6 and 4.1 for Hunter River and Siro Peruvian respectively (plants scored 1 or 2 considered resistant; 3, 4 or 5 susceptible). In a field trial, the percentage of disease-free plants after eight months of growth in infested soil was: cycle 3 selections, 44.4; Hunter River, 9.9; Siro Peruvian, 12.0. Cumulative dry matter production of the selections during that time was twice that of Hunter River.

Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aldaoud ◽  
W. Guppy ◽  
L. Callinan ◽  
S. F. Flett ◽  
K. A. Wratten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Differential Cultivars

In 1995–96, a survey of soil samples from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) paddocks was conducted across Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, to determine the distribution and the prevalence of races of Phytophthora clandestina (as determined by the development of root rot on differential cultivars), and the association of its occurrence with paddock variables. In all states, there was a weak but significant association between P. clandestina detected in soil samples and subsequent root rot susceptibility of differential cultivars grown in these soil samples. Phytophthora clandestina was found in 38% of the sampled sites, with a significantly lower prevalence in South Australia (27%). There were significant positive associations between P. clandestina detection and increased soil salinity (Western Australia), early growth stages of subterranean clover (Victoria), mature subterranean clover (South Australia), recently sown subterranean clover (South Australia), paddocks with higher subterranean clover content (Victoria), where herbicides were not applied (South Australia), irrigation (New South Wales and Victoria), cattle grazing (South Australia and Victoria), early sampling dates (Victoria and New South Wales), sampling shortly after the autumn break or first irrigation (Victoria), shorter soil storage time (Victoria) and farmer’s perception of root rot being present (Victoria and New South Wales). Only 29% of P. clandestina isolates could be classified under the 5 known races. Some of the unknown races were virulent on cv. Seaton Park LF (most resistant) and others were avirulent on cv. Woogenellup (most susceptible). Race 1 was significantly less prevalent in South Australia than Victoria and race 0 was significantly less prevalent in New South Wales than in South Australia and Western Australia. This study revealed extremely wide variation in the virulence of P. clandestina. The potential importance of the results on programs to breed for resistance to root rot are discussed. in South Australia.

Control of post-emergence damping off in vetch with Dexon

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
RN Allen
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
The Cost

Control of post-emergence damping-off, basal stem rot, and root rot of vetch (Vicia sativu) caused by Pythium debaryanum and other pythiaceous fungi, was obtained in a sod-sown field trial at Wollongbar, New South Wales, by applying the fungicide Dexon (R) (p-dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium sulphonate) with the fertilizer in the furrow at sowing. Dexon improved plant establishment and survival, and increased plant vigour in the early stages of growth. Dry matter yield of vetch was increased from 206 lb an acre without Dexon, to 604 lb an acre with Dexon applied at 8 oz an acre (4.3 mg per row ft), with a corresponding reduction in the cost of fodder produced. Yield responses were also obtained at lower and higher rates, but at 64 oz an acre the Dexon was phytotoxic and no yield response was observed despite excellent disease control.

Australia's Distinctive National Parks System

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Charles Wescott
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
New South ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Current System ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
The Usa

Australia possesses a distinctive national parks and conservation reserves system, in which it is the State Governments rather than the Federal Government which owns, plans, and manages, national parks and other conservation reserves.Most Australian States declared their first national parks in the latter quarter of last century, Australia's first national park being declared in New South Wales in March 1879. These critical declarations were followed by a slow accumulation of parks and reserves through to 1968. The pace of acquisition then quickened dramatically with an eight-fold expansion in the total area of national parks between 1968 and 1990, at an average rate of over 750,000 ha per annum. The present Australian system contains 530 national parks covering 20.18 million hectares or 2.6% of the land-mass. A further 28.3 million hectares is protected in other parks and conservation reserves. In terms of the percentage of their land-mass now in national parks, the leading States are Tasmania (12.8%) and Victoria (10.0%), with Western Australia (1.9%) and Queensland (2.1%) trailing far behind, and New South Wales (3.92%) and South Australia (3.1%) lying between.The Australian system is also compared with the Canadian and USA systems. All three are countries of widely comparable cultures that have national parks covering similar percentage areas, but Canada and the USA have far fewer national parks than Australia and they are in general of much greater size. In addition, Canada and the USA ‘resource’ these parks far better than the Australians do theirs. The paper concludes that Australia needs to rationalize its current system by introducing direct funding, by the Federal Government, of national park management, and duly examining the whole system of reserves from a national rather than States' viewpoint.

Paratylenchinae: redescription of Paratylenchus arculatus Luc & de Guiran, 1962, a new senior synonym of P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae)

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Brzeski ◽  
Ladislav Hanel ◽  
Andres Nico ◽  
Pablo Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
Subjective Synonym

AbstractSeveral populations of Paratylenchus arculatus from sandy soil and root samples from olive nurseries in southern Spain and from uncultivated clay soil in New South Wales, Australia are described. P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 is considered as a junior subjective synonym of P. arculatus. Paratylenchinae: redescription de Paratylenchus arculatus Luc & de Guiran, 1962, un nouveau synonym majeur de P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) - Sont decrites plusieurs populations de Paratylenchus arculatus provenant d'echantillons de sol sableux et de racines collectes dans des pepinieres d'olivier du sud de l'Espagne et d'un sol argileux en jachere des Nouvelles Galles du Sud, Australie. P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 est considere comme un synonyme mineur subjectif de P. arculatus.

Wojnowicia hirta. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

Abstract A description is provided for Wojnowicia hirta. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cereals and grasses (Agropyron, Avena, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Calamovilfa, Dacrylis, Distichlis, Elymus, Festuca, Hordeum, Koeleria, Phleum, Poa, Secale, Sorghastrum, Sorghum, Spartina, Stipa, Triticum). DISEASE: Secondary foot rot or root rot of cereals and grasses. Also referred to as rot of mature straw. Rot of cereals and grasses is very common (5, 223; 6, 272; 7, 370; 11, 503; 12, 685; 16, 242; 48, 120; 1602) and considered to be of definite economic importance (Sprague, 1950). In France infected wheat plants have been reported to become etiolated and progressively shrivelled without producing lesions (4, 662). As the disease progresses, cells at the base of the culms were claimed to collapse resulting in the breaking of the stems and general lodging of plants in infected areas (5, 223; 12, 685). Subsequently pycnidia were reported appearing on lower leaf-sheaths above and below the soil line (1, 288). Sometimes affected wheat plants have been found to show discolouration of culm bases and roots (5, 223), or dark brown to black spots and streaks on the stem which are partly superficial (7, 370, Sprague, 1935). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia); Asia (Turkey); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia); Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USSR); North America (Canada, Alberta, Saskatchewan; USA, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming). TRANSMISSION: Infected soil has been found to be the chief mode of transmission where stubble has been ploughed under (3, 191). It has also been reported that W. hirta occurs on culms overwintered in the field usually at the 2nd node (9, 639-641).

Field studies of water and salt movement in an irrigated swelling clay soil. I. Infiltration during ponding

Soil Research ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS McIntyre ◽  
J Loveday ◽  
CL Watson
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Deep Percolation ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plough Layer ◽  
Water And Salt Movement

Infiltration and deep percolation were measured during ponding of a saline sodic cracking clay soil, commonly used for rice production in the Riverina of New South Wales. Because gypsum may be used to ameliorate this soil for row cropping, the effect of incorporating gypsum into the plough layer was determined. Without gypsum, 292mm water infiltrated in 379 days of ponding, wetting the profile to approximately 2.1 m. In contrast when gypsum was incorporated in the plough layer, 605 mm of water infiltrated in 145 days, and water had penetrated beyond 4.5 m in 57 days. In the latter case, sufficient water percolated below 2.0m to raise the groundwater level by as much as 10m. The infiltration rate for the unameliorated soil was similar to values determined by others; for the ameliorated soil, infiltration behaviour was more like that of non-sodic self-mulching grey or brown clays, and raises questions regarding the amount of deep percolation when rice is grown on such soils.

scholarly journals Can UAV-Based Infrared Thermography Be Used to Study Plant-Parasite Interactions between Mistletoe and Eucalypt Trees?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Maes ◽  
Alfredo Huete ◽  
Michele Avino ◽  
Matthias Boer ◽  
Remy Dehaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
New South ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Plant Water Relations ◽  
Plant Parasite ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

Some of the remnants of the Cumberland Plain woodland, an endangered dry sclerophyllous forest type of New South Wales, Australia, host large populations of mistletoe. In this study, the extent of mistletoe infection was investigated based on a forest inventory. We found that the mistletoe infection rate was relatively high, with 69% of the Eucalyptus fibrosa and 75% of the E. moluccana trees being infected. Next, to study the potential consequences of the infection for the trees, canopy temperatures of mistletoe plants and of infected and uninfected trees were analyzed using thermal imagery acquired during 10 flights with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in two consecutive summer seasons. Throughout all flight campaigns, mistletoe canopy temperature was 0.3–2 K lower than the temperature of the eucalypt canopy it was growing in, suggesting higher transpiration rates. Differences in canopy temperature between infected eucalypt foliage and mistletoe were particularly large when incoming radiation peaked. In these conditions, eucalypt foliage from infected trees also had significantly higher canopy temperatures (and likely lower transpiration rates) compared to that of uninfected trees of the same species. The study demonstrates the potential of using UAV-based infrared thermography for studying plant-water relations of mistletoe and its hosts.

The effect of time and sowing and row spacing on the maturity and yield of three groundnut cultivars under irrigation

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

White Spanish, Red Spanish and Virginia Bunch cultivars of Arachis hypogaea L. were sown at two row spacings (30 and 60 cm) and two times (29 October and 3 December) on an alkaline clay soil in western New South Wales. The crops were furrow irrigated between raised beds 1 m wide. Maximum oven dry pod yields were 3.0, 2.3 and 3.3 t ha-1 for white Spanish, Red Spanish and Virginia Bunch respectively. Corresponding shelling percentages were 65, 68 and 57%. White Spanish and Virginia Bunch matured 180-190 days after early sowing and Red Spanish after 210 days when frost stopped growth. The late sown crop failed to mature before the frosts, and yielded 15-25% less than the early sowing. The late crop had a shorter period for the production of pods and also a slightly lower rate of pod production because of reduced shoot growth; kernel weight per pod was similar at both sowings. Differences between cultivars were accounted for by differences in the rate of pod filling and hence ultimate kernel weight per pod, and furthermore, the harvest index differed among cultivars. White Spanish or Virginia Bunch sown in 30 cm rows before December can be recommended for irrigated groundnut production in western New South Wales.

Phytophthora boehmeriae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Cotton Boll ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Phytophthora Boehmeriae

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora boehmeriae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Boehmeria nizea, citrus, pine,? cotton. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Boehmeria nivea; brown rot of citrus fruit; root rot of pine; tentatively identified as a cause of cotton boll blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan,? China, Japan); Australia (Queensland, New South Wales); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 203, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, transmitted to citrus fruits by rain splash (23, 294). Isolated from soil in Eucalyptus plantations but pathogenicity not known (55, 4876).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document