Long-term effects of incorporated lime and topdressed lime on the pH in the surface and subsurface of pasture soils

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
DJ David ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Basaltic Soils

Soil profiles from limed and unlimed commercial pastures and from lime trials on pastures in the Crookwell district of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales were sampled and pH measured at 2- or 5-cm intervals to depths ranging from 10 to 60 cm. A single application of lime (3.6-5.6 t/ha depending on the soil) incorporated into the surface 10 cm had a long-term effect and maintained pH above 5.5 in the top 30 cm for at least 12 years. Lime applied as a topdressing to soils on granite raised the pH by at least 0.2 pH units to a depth of 15 cm after 6 years. The depth affected was less on the heavier-textured basaltic soils and on the initially more acid sedimentary soils. There appears to be a role for top-dressing with lime to prevent subsurface acidity from developing under pastures and to correct it in the upper layers of light textured soils. The pH profiles from a given treatment were variable and highlighted the problem of obtaining a field measurement for soil pH that is representative of the plant's environment.

scholarly journals Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
S. P. Walker ◽  
S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

The literature on the long-term effects of nutritional deficiencies in early life is reviewed. The severity and duration of the deficiency, the stage of the children’s development, the biological condition of the children and the socio-cultural context may all modify the effect. There is substantial evidence that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school achievement. However, all these conditions are associated with poverty and poor health, which may account for the association. It is difficult to establish that the long-term relationship is causal, as it requires a randomized treatment trial with long-term follow-up. Such studies are only available for I deficiency in utero and early childhood PEM. Results from these studies indicate that I deficiency has a long-term effect and PEM probably has a long-term effect.

Brassinosteroid-induced de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings resembles the long-term effects of cytokinins

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Luo ◽  
Ji-Chu Chen ◽  
Yu-Ju Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Hypocotyl Elongation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Positive Regulators

Cytokinins can cause de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings growing in the dark. Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been considered to regulate negatively the de-etiolation in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. We show here that epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) can partially produce the phenotype of de-etiolation as caused by treatment with cytokinins in the dark, including the development of leaves and epicotyls in the wild-type and the BR-deficient mutant det2. But BRs cannot inhibit hypocotyl elongation, nor restore all the inhibition caused by cytokinins and light. We have found that there are distinct short term and long term phases of induction of de-etiolation by cytokinins. The short-term effect is probably coupled to ethylene in the inhibition of the hypocotyl elongation; the long-term effect causes morphogenesis of leaves and epicotyls. BRs can only regulate de-etiolation in the long term. We propose that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation of det2 in darkness is caused by the absence of BR-dependent elongation rather than the inhibition caused by the expression of genes for photomorphogenesis. We propose that BRs resemble cytokinins in regulating de-etiolation as positive regulators, and that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the development of leaves and epicotyls in de-etiolation are independent processes.

Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3 adipocytes

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E706-E711 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. van Putten ◽  
H. M. Krans
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Hexose Uptake

Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin-sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover, on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin-stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport. In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the effect of insulin.

The Long-Term Effects of Price Promotions on Category Incidence, Brand Choice, and Purchase Quantity

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Pauwels ◽  
Dominique M. Hanssens ◽  
S. Siddarth
Keyword(s):  
Brand Choice ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Price Promotions ◽  
Perishable Product ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Purchase Quantity ◽  
Scanner Panel

To what extent do price promotions have a long-term effect on the components of brand sales, namely, category incidence, brand choice, and purchase quantity? The authors answer this question by using persistence modeling on weekly sales data of a perishable and a storable product derived from a scanner panel. Their analysis reveals, first, that permanent promotion effects are virtually absent for each sales component. Next, the authors develop and apply an impulse response approach to estimate the promotional adjustment period and the total dynamic effects of a price promotion. Specifically, they calculate the long-term equivalent of Gupta's (1988) 14/84/2 breakdown of promotional effects. Because of positive adjustment effects for incidence but negative adjustment effects for choice, the authors find a reversal of the importance of category incidence and brand choice: 66/11/23 for the storable product and 58/39/3 for the perishable product. The authors discuss the implications of the findings and suggest some areas for further research.

Long-term Effect of a Single Application of Organic Refuse on Carbon Sequestration and Soil Physical Properties

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 2093-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Albaladejo ◽  
J. Lopez ◽  
C. Boix-Fayos ◽  
G.G. Barbera ◽  
M. Martinez-Mena
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Long Term Effect

scholarly journals A brief overview of COVID-19 long-term effect on cardiovascular system

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Sawar ◽  
◽  
Ali Hussain ◽  
Nikky Bardia ◽  
Hassan Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Active Infection ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Long Term Effect

COVID-19 infection affects multiple organs including cardiovascular system. Besides acute effect in active infection, COVID-19 also has a long-term effect on the cardiovascular system and reporting of these effects are increasing along with increased number of survivors recovering from COVID-19 infection. In this article, we reviewed the current literature available for long-term effects of COVID-19 on the heart.

scholarly journals Do condoms cause rape and mayhem? The long-term effects of condoms in New South Wales' prisons

2006 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yap ◽  
T. Butler ◽  
J. Richters ◽  
K. Kirkwood ◽  
L. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
South Wales

Long-Term Effects on Speech of Chronic Cerebellar Stimulation in Cerebral Palsy

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
David L. Ratusnik ◽  
Richard D. Penn
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cerebellar Stimulation

Chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) of the anterior lobe is undertaken for relief of motor dysfunction in cerebral palsy, but the long-term effect on speech and voice has been uncertain. The present study evaluated speech before cerebellar stimulation and between one year and two years, seven months following stimulation in nine patients with congenital cerebral palsy and one patient with traumatic brain damage. Severity of dysarthria was not significantly altered as assessed by a panel of listeners. No patient demonstrated deterioration in speech. Only two of the 10 patients showed small positive changes in the majority of parameters evaluated including rate, articulation, and voice.

Effect of time of application of herbicides on the long-term control of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum var. augustifolium)

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 746 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
JJ Dellow ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
New South ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
St John’S Wort ◽  
St John's Wort ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Term Effect

The effect of time of application of herbicides on the long-term control of St. John's wort was investigated at Tuena, New South Wales. The herbicides used were: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D -i- 2,4,5-T, picloram + 2,4-D, and glyphosate. Each of these was applied in February, May, August and November, 1976, and regrowth of wort monitored until February 1978. The percentage ground cover of unsprayed St. John's wort varied between 75% and 85% over the experimental period. Initially all herbicides reduced the ground cover of St. John's wort from over 75% to less than 15%. Thereafter the regrowth of wort depended on the long-term effect of the herbicides. At the final assessment in February 1978, the most effective herbicide treatments were: from the February and May applications, glyphosate and picloram + 2,4-D; from the August application, picloram + 2,4-D; and from the November application, picloram + 2,4-D, 2,4-D + 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D.

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