Life histories of some Benthic invetebrates form streams of the Northern Jarrah Forest, Western Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE Bunn
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Stream Insects ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
High Degree

Life history patterns of thirteen species of invertebrates from streams of the northern jarrah forest were examined over a 1-year period. Five species had univoltine cycles with a single cohort and demonstrated a high degree of synchrony of larval development and a restricted period of adult emergence. Two species of Leptophlebiidae also had univoltine cycles but showed the more typical pattern of Australian mayflies, with extended recruitment, multiple overlapping cohorts and a long period of adult emergence. Uroctena sp., a small gammarid, had a generation time of 1 year but showed considerable spatial variation in the degree of synchrony of development. This appeared to be a result of differences in the constancy of stream discharge and was not attributable to differences in the temperature regime of the streams. At least three species demonstrated cohort splitting which resulted in an apparently bivoltine cycle. A life-history pattern of alternating long and short development times is described which, on average, would produce two generations every 3 years. This is considered to be a highly adaptive strategy for Australian stream insects with slow life cycles and can explain the extended periods of recruitment and adult emergence so often observed. Streams of the northern jarrah forest are depauperate compared with other Australian streams, despite predictable temperature and discharge regimes. The insular nature of the south-west Bassian region and its long period of isolation may be the principle cause of this reduced diversity. The invertebrate community of these streams is simple in structure and has a high degree of seasonality that is atypical of the temperate streams of Australia and New Zealand.

scholarly journals Community structure, life histories and secondary production of stoneflies in two small mountain streams with different degree of forest cover

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Beracko ◽  
Andrea Kušnírová ◽  
Michaela Partlová ◽  
Jana Ciceková
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Annual Life Cycle ◽  
Forested Stream ◽  
The Difference

<p>Our study examines community structure and nymphal biology (life cycles and secondary production) of stoneflies in two adjacent mountain streams with different degree of forest cover in the Prosiečanka River Basin (Chočské Vrchy Mts., West Carpathians). One of the streams has non-forested catchment, converted to meadows and pastures, while the other one has catchment with 60% covered by spruce forest. Differences in forest cover and in thermal regime of the streams were reflected by the difference of stonefly communities at their structural and functional level. Species <em>Nemoura cinerea and Leuctra aurita </em>created stonefly assemblage in non-forested stream, whereas <em>Nemoura cinerea</em> also occurred in naturally forested stream together with species <em>Leuctra armata, Leuctra nigra, Leuctra prima, Siphonoperla neglecta</em> and <em>Arcynopteryx dichroa</em>. All examined species had maximally annual life cycle and in eudominant species <em>Nemoura cinerea</em> one month shift was found in nymphal hatching and adult emergence between streams. Total secondary production of stoneflies in undisturbed stream (126.46 mg DW m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>) was more than two times higher than the production in non-forested stream (47.39 mg DW m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>). </p>

Life history variation in plants: an exploration of the fast-slow continuum hypothesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1345) ◽  
pp. 1341-1348 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate

Several empirical models have attempted to account for the covariation among life history traits observed in a variety of organisms. One of these models, the fast-slow continuum hypothesis, emphasizes the role played by mortality at different stages of the life cycle in shaping the large array of life history variation. Under this scheme, species can be arranged from those suffering high adult mortality levels to those undergoing relatively low adult mortality. This differential mortality is responsible for the evolution of contrasting life histories on either end of the continuum. Species undergoing high adult mortality are expected to have shorter life cycles, faster development rates and higher fecundity than those experiencing lower adult mortality. The theory has proved accurate in describing the evolution of life histories in several animal groups but has previously not been tested in plants. Here we test this theory using demographic information for 83 species of perennial plants. In accordance with the fast-slow continuum, plants undergoing high adult mortality have shorter lifespans and reach sexual maturity at an earlier age. However, demographic traits related to reproduction (the intrinsic rate of natural increase, the net reproductive rate and the average rate of decrease in the intensity of natural selection on fecundity) do not show the covariation expected with longevity, age at first reproducion and life expectancy at sexual maturity. Contrary to the situation in animals, plants with multiple meristems continuously increase their size and, consequently, their fecundity and reproductive value. This may balance the negative effect of mortality on fitness, thus having no apparent effect in the sign of the covariation between these two goups of life history traits.

Coevolutionary interactions between host life histories and parasite life cycles

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S47-S55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Koella ◽  
P. Agnew ◽  
Y. Michalakis
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Life ◽  
Host Parasite

SummarySeveral recent studies have discussed the interaction of host life-history traits and parasite life cycles. It has been observed that the life-history of a host often changes after infection by a parasite. In some cases, changes of host life-history traits reduce the costs of parasitism and can be interpreted as a form of resistance against the parasite. In other cases, changes of host life-history traits increase the parasite's transmission and can be interpreted as manipulation by the parasite. Alternatively, changes of host's life-history traits can also induce responses in the parasite's life cycle traits. After a brief review of recent studies, we treat in more detail the interaction between the microsporidian parasite Edhazardia aedis and its host, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. We consider the interactions between the host's life-history and parasite's life cycle that help shape the evolutionary ecology of their relationship. In particular, these interactions determine whether the parasite is benign and transmits vertically or is virulent and transmits horizontally.Key words: host-parasite interaction, life-history, life cycle, coevolution.

LIFE HISTORIES OF COEXISTING SPECIES OF CERACLEA CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE): THE OPERATION OF INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONAL UNITS IN A STREAM ECOSYSTEM

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 1303-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent H. Resh
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Mass Matrix ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Coexisting Species

AbstractBionomics of the stream caddisflies, Ceraclea transversa (Hagen) (= Athripsodes angustus Banks) and Ceraclea ancylus (Vorhies) (= Athripsodes ancylus (Vorhies)) were compared with generalized trichopteran life cycles. The univoltine detritus-feeding C. ancylus has five larval instars and a brief adult emergence period. C. transversa has five larval instars but two distinct cohorts, in which larvae of the first cohort feed entirely on freshwater sponge, overwinter as inactive prepupae, pupate, and emerge the following spring. The second larval cohort feeds on sponge until the onset of gemmulation in autumn, then the larvae must overwinter as active third- or fourth-instar detritus-feeders, pupating and emerging later in the summer than the first cohort. The detritus-feeding C. ancylus larvae have a diurnal feeding cycle. The sand case of C. ancylus and the silk-secreted case of C. transversa differ in shape and composition, although both species initiate case construction using egg mass matrix, silk, and detritus. Emergence, flight activity, sex ratios, and adult survival depart from reported generalizations of caddisfly biology. Neither the validity of generalizing typical life cycles in benthic studies, nor the rationale that congeneric species operate as a functional unit in stream dynamics, is substantiated.

STUDIES OF WESTERN TREE RUSTS: IV. UREDINOPSIS HASHIOKAI AND U. PTERIDIS CAUSING PERENNIAL NEEDLE RUST OF FIR

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Ziller
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Bracken Fern ◽  
First Time

Observations in the field and the results of inoculation experiments show that perennial needle rust of fir (Abies spp.), known as Peridermium pseudo-balsameum (Diet. & Holw.) Arth. & Kern, is caused by Uredinopsis hashiokai Hirats. f. and U. pteridis Diet. & Holw. (U. macrosperma Magn.), which complete their life cycles on bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kühn var. lanuginosum (Bong.) Fern.). The pycnial and aecial states of Uredinopsis hashiokai are described, and for the first time the life histories of U. hashiokai and U. pteridis are presented. The two species are indistinguishable from each other in life history, host relationship, and morphology of most of the spore states; they differ from each other in their geographical distribution and in the morphology of their urediniospores. It remains unknown which of the two species of Uredinopsis represents the perfect state of Peridermium pseudo-balsameum. Uredinopsis aspera Faull proved to be a later synonym of U. hashiokai. U. hashiokai is noteworthy because of its similarity to U. pteridis, and both species are unusual in development of their spore states on fir, particularly in the long periods required for maturation of the aecia, which are produced from localized, perennial mycelium 4 to 11 months after infection in Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and A. grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. respectively.

Life History Studies on Trematodes of the Subfamily Reniferinae

Parasitology ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Benton Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Natural Group ◽  
Remarkable Similarity ◽  
Physella Gyrina ◽  
Mother Sporocyst

1. The life histories of Lechriorchis primus Stafford, L. tygarti n.sp. and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp. have been experimentally completed in three hosts, the first complete life histories to be worked out for species of the subfamily Reniferinae.2. The definitive hosts of the three forms were found to be two species of garter snakes, Thamnophis sauritus and T. sirtalis.3. Three species of snails, Physella gyrina, P. parkeri, and P. ancillaria, have been found to serve as the first intermediate host in the life cycles of Lechriorchis primus and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp., and two species of snails, Physella gyrina and P. heterostropha, in the life cycle of Lechriorchis tygarti n.sp.4. The tadpoles of two species of frogs, Rana clamitans and R. pipiens, were found to serve as the second intermediate hosts in the life cycles of all three trematodes. The cercariae penetrate larvae of Triturus and small fish, but live only a short time in these animals.5. Every stage in the life history of Lechriorchis primus, including egg, miracidium, mother sporocyst, daughter sporocyst, cercaria, metacercaria, and developmental stages in the definitive host, has been described in detail.6. The mother sporocyst of forms having a stylet cercaria is described for the first time.7. The flame cell pattern of the cercariae of L. primus, L. tygarti n.sp., and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp. has been determined to be of the “2 × 6 × 3’ type. Also the adult stage of C. eurinus was determined to have the same type.8. It has been pointed out that the life histories of the members of the subfamily are uniform in that their life history stages display a remarkable similarity.9. It has been suggested that this uniform type of life cycle and remarkable similarity of larval stages offer the most logical basis for establishing the subfamily Reniferinae as a natural group.

Life histories of six species of Leptoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera) in Victoria

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM St.Clair
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
University Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Temporary River

Life history studies were carried out for populations of six species of Leptoceridae. Study sites were a permanent river (Acheron), a temporary river (Lerderderg) and a permanent lake (Monash University). Life histories varied in degree of synchrony of larval development, in length of adult emergence period, and from bi- to semivoltine. Oviposition requirements of adults were found to be the major factor influencing synchrony of the life history of one species. Life history features did not ameliorate the effects of the severe drought of 1982-83, nor did drought result in large changes in life histories.

Comparative life histories of a low- and a high-elevation population of the common frog Rana temporaria

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ryser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
Frog Rana Temporaria ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Breeding Pond ◽  
The Common

AbstractCommon frogs from a breeding pond in the Swiss Alps (1930 m) were studied by skeletochronology and life history traits were compared to a previously described lowland population. Snout-vent lengths ranged from 63 to 85 mm (males) and 65 to 94 mm (females). Ages varied from 4 to 13 years with means of 6.6 (males) and 8.3 years (females). Growth of immature frogs was slow. Immature males grew faster than females, but the reverse was true for adult frogs. Egg numbers ranged from 784 to 1616 and were not correlated with snout-vent length. Egg diameters (1.83-2.19 mm) were positively correlated with snout-vent length. Frogs from the Alps differed from the lowland population in slower growth to maturation, resulting in higher ages, but similar sizes, at first reproduction. I argue that the alpine life history pattern was shaped by two environmentally determined traits, slow growth and high annual survival.

scholarly journals Life in the Slow Lane: Reproductive Life History of the White-Browed Scrubwren, an Australian Endemic

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Magrath ◽  
Ashley W. Leedman ◽  
Janet L. Gardner ◽  
Anthony Giannasca ◽  
Anjeli C. Nathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Small Clutch

Abstract An understanding of geographic and phylogenetic variation in passerine life histories is hampered by the scarcity of studies from the Southern Hemisphere. We documented the breeding biology of the White-browed Scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis), an Australia endemic in the Pardalotidae (parvorder Corvida). Like other members of the Pardalotidae, scrubwrens had a long laying interval (two days), a long incubation period (declining from 21 to 17 days through the season), and a long period of postfledging parental care (6 to 7 weeks). Scrubwrens appeared to be typical of the Australian Corvida in having a small clutch size (three eggs) and a long breeding season (5.4 months), and they also had a long interval between breeding attempts (10 days after a failed attempt, 21 days after a successful attempt). Scrubwrens were multibrooded, often raising two broods successfully and occasionally raising three broods. The breeding biology of scrubwrens adds further support to claims of a distinct life-history strategy for members of the Corvida but also reinforces evidence that some “Corvida” life-history traits more specifically are those of the Pardalotidae.

Larval growth and development of the stonefly Pteronarcys californica (Insecta: Plecoptera) in the Crowsnest River, Alberta

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2274-2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G D Townsend ◽  
G Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Embryonic Diapause ◽  
Larval Recruitment ◽  
Summer Diapause ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree

We used head-capsule width, wing-pad length, larval recruitment, adult emergence, and MULTIFANTM analysis to determine the life history of the stonefly Pteronarcys californica in the Crowsnest River, Alberta. Embryonic development, incorporating an early diapause, accounts for approximately 1 year of the life cycle. Both sexes spend a further 4 years in the larval stage. Female larvae grow faster than males and so achieve a larger size at emergence. Extended larval recruitment leads to variation in the sizes of larvae of the same year class and probably to cohort splitting. There is a high degree of synchrony in adult emergence, perhaps as a result of a summer diapause in antepenultimate-instar larvae. These phenomena (embryonic diapause, extended larval recruitment, different growth rates of the sexes, cohort splitting, and larval diapause) are possibly typical of aquatic insects with long life cycles.

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