Difficult Unions: Marital Cases Before the Consistorial Court of Poznań at the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century

The utilization of consistorial sources is a research postulate that has been voiced repeatedly over the years. These materials comprise a compact volume of data that are both organized serially and mass-produced, while the fact that they touch upon a wealth of topics and thus have considerable cognitive value for interdisciplinary studies cannot be overestimated. Magdalena Biniaś-Szkopek’s book is a pioneering study and, at the same time, a successful attempt at making comprehensive use of the nine oldest registers of the consistorial court of Poznań. The ledgers cover the years 1404–26 and contain entries devoted to ‘marital issues’ in the broadest meaning of the term, with particular consideration being given to the complex position of women who took part in proceedings before mediaeval ecclesiastical courts.

Factors Influencing Weight Loss Attempts and Long Term Weight Loss Maintenance

Background: A cross-sectional study aimed to determine the factors association with repeated weight loss attempts, and weight loss maintenance. Methods: The study was conducted in the main public hospitals in Benghazi, Libya. A total sample of 300 participants who suffered from weight gain or/ obesity and had a history of trying of weight loss. The data were collected by using a questionnaire that include all the factors that may affect the weight loss process such as social, psychological, health, factors related to diet , and daily behavior factors. Results: The majority of participants 78% were found at age group between 15-35 years, 81.7% of them were female and 18.3% were male. More than half of participants 56% had less than four times of weight loss attempts, while 43.6% of them had more than four attempts. The repetition of weight loss attempts was associated with genetic, binge eating, tension, anxiety, negative body image, duration of weight loss maintenance, watching TV or online hours, and eating rate. Around half of participant 55.6% had less than one of successful attempts, while 44.3% had more than one attempts. The factors associated with the successful attempt of weight loss were using weight loss medications, the rate of weight loss, aware food serving, eating breakfast, and exercise. The higher number of attempts of weight lose was associated with higher successful attempt (more than one attempt) P=(0.031). Conclusions: Psychological factors were the most factors affected on repeating weight loss attempts followed by behavior related factors. Practices related to self-control, mental control, stress reduction, and behavior modification should be considered at any weight loss management program. Body weight loss programs need strike follow up by dietician in order to avoid the fluctuations in body weight. Key words: The factors weight loss, weight loss attempts, successful weight loss attempts, weight loss maintenance.

Deficiencies in the Quantity of Paddy to be stored in the collection centers of Balod District of Chhattisgarh State and its Redressal

There are four collection centers and one marketing association in Balod District. As per the data received, the storage facilities in the collection centers are inadequate because of which the storage is done in unscientific method and under the open sky. There is a lack of platforms and sheds. Sensitive food grains like paddy should not be stored for a long time. Since the storage system in Balod District is inadequate, it is true. The main reason for the reduction in yield in the collection centers is due to the lack of timely transportation because storage is arranged according to the capacity in the storage centers. But due to not lifting at the right time, the stock increases, due to which the yield decreases due to dryness, rain, and insect-pests, which leads to Qualitative and Quantitative loss in the yield and the Officer Employee have to bear that loss. Is. The main reason for the decrease in yield is due to non-availability of Transportation Facility. There is also inadequacy of Storage System because of the amount of Expenditure. In Chhattisgarh, storage is done by unscientific method. From the above research it comes to the conclusion that my research Hypotheses is true. A successful attempt can be made to rectify this by making the Government aware of the findings and suggestions of this study, so that adequate storage arrangements can be done, which will reduce the yield reduction or come within the criterion so that the Officers and Employees can be benefited.

Proliferative Effects of Nitrogen Nanobubbles on Fibroblasts

In recent years, the potential of nanobubbles (NBs) for biological activation has been actively investigated. In this study, we investigated the proliferative effects of nitrogen nanobubbles (N-NBs) on fibroblast cells using cell assays with image analysis and flow cytometry. A high concentration of N-NBs (more than 4 × 108 NBs/mL) was generated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) using a gas-liquid mixing method. In image analysis, the cells were counted and compared, which showed an 11% improvement in proliferation in the culture medium with N-NBs. In flow cytometry, the decrease in the fluorescence intensity was analyzed, which revealed a 1.5% improvement in proliferation in the culture medium with N-NBs. This study represents the first successful attempt of directly generating quantified NBs in a culture medium for cell culture. The findings suggest that the N-NBs in the culture medium can facilitate cell proliferation.

EDUCATION IN UKRAINE DURING TNE REVOLUTION OF 1917 – 1921: AN UNFINISHED ATTEMPT TO REFORM

The paper describes quite a successful attempt to reform the system of education at the Ukrainian territories during the period of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 – 1921. The attempt was well documented in legislation acts by the Central Council of Ukraine, Hetmanship and the Ukrainian People's Republic (Directorate of Ukraine), local regulations and periodicals of that time. The key goals of the reforms were to Ukrainianize the education in the Ukrainian state, decentralize it, create a unified system of the academic degrees, and to promote the development of the Ukrainian university education. The efforts of the Ukrainian authorities were supported by Prosvita Society that was active at Ukrainian territories for several decades particularly after the Revolution of 1905. Each of three Ukrainian governments was quite successful in education reform encorporation. Their efforts in this field were aligned; they logically continued their reformation activity in the direction established by a predecessor. Public universities, libraries (specifically created for this purpose) and some public figures also contributed to the Ukrainianization of education and its adaptation to the needs of the Ukrainian people. The following outstanding public figures played significant role in reforming the education at that time: Borys Grinchenko, Sophia Rusova, Spyrydon Chornosenko, Hryhorii Sherstiuk and many others. The obvious challenges of that period, standing in the way of education reform in Ukraine, were the political turbulence and the weak Ukrainian government that at the beginning had very few local representatives and within time failed to extend its influence over all the territory of Ukraine. Historical inertia also worked against the reform, as many of the pedagogues and parents remained loyal to the old education system. Poverty also played its role preventing proper allocation of resources for the purpose of the reform.

Untranslatable: Gottfried Kinkel, Kulturgeschichte, and British Art Historiography

In 1934, Edgar Wind claimed there was no English equivalent for the word “kulturwissenschaftlich” and the method it denoted: it was untranslatable. Although German art history had been widely read in England since Victorian times, certain methods, as well as the discipline itself, were only hesitantly received. This article focuses on a decisive moment in this entangled history—an attempt to establish in Britain both art history as an academic discipline and a cultural-historical approach to the subject. The key figure is the dashing art historian Gottfried Kinkel, a close friend of Jacob Burckhardt (and archenemy of Karl Marx), who fled Germany after the 1848 revolution. In 1853, he gave the firstever university lecture in art history in England, the manuscripts of which were recently discovered. Kinkel’s case is a prime example of both a socio-historical approach to art history in Victorian times and an exile’s only partially successful attempt to transmit his methodology to a new audience.

A Review of MARION KRUSE, THE POLITICS OF ROMAN MEMORY: FROM THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE TO THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019, 304 pp.

The monograph by M. W. Kruse—professor of Classics at the University of Cincinnati—investigates the difficulties of building a new historical memory and identity in the late Roman Empire at the end of the 5th—first half of the 6th century. At that time, the emperors did not actually control Italy and Rome, a previous center and origin of imperial statehood. The study is based on an analysis of the texts of the most influential authors of this period, in particular historians of the era of the emperor Justinian, as well as the narrative of his own laws—Novellae of the Corpus Juris Civilis. The monograph represents Kruse’s substantially reworked PhD dissertation on classical philology. In his study, Kruse makes a successful attempt at a large-scale revision of the current concept of modern science about the indifference of contemporaries to the events of 476 in Italy and argues that the assessment of these events as the fall of the Western Roman Empire and a momentous event is only a construct of historical science of the 19th century, originating from the works of E. Gibbon.

Wybrane zagadnienia związane ze stosowaniem instytucji usiłowania we współczesnym orzecznictwie sądów polskich

The institution of attempt is used relatively frequently in the practice of justice system.Importantly, it always separates the punishable stage of attempt from punishable preparatory activities, and therefore constitutes the limit of criminalization. Despite its practical importance, using of the indicated legal structure, raises a number of doubts that are related to the proper interpretation of the normative concepts comprising it. A consequence is moving the limit of punishability of the crime by adjudicating authorities. It can raise some objections – from fundamental principle of criminal law inthe form of nullum crimen sine lege point of view. The article discusses the problems of that appear in jurisdiction in connection with the application of the attempt institution; these problems raise interest among doctrine. The author confronts irreconcilable judgments. The Author searches interpretative solutions that seem the most appropriate from theoretical and dogmatic structure of the successful attempt and inept attempt point of view.

Germany Divides the USSR from Britain and France, 1939

This chapter describes Germany's successful attempt to stop the USSR from allying with Britain and France in 1939. Adolf Hitler's policy was informed by two beliefs about Soviet strategic weight. The first was that Soviet neutrality was necessary for victory in a war against Poland that included British and French intervention. Soviet neutrality would diminish the effects of the allied strategy of economic blockade and punishment. The second was that the shock of Moscow's neutralization would likely compel Britain and France to abandon their commitments to Poland and thus allow Germany to attack it isolated. As German leaders foresaw, despite the apparent long odds, their policy to accommodate the Soviet Union might work because they could extend strategic benefits to Moscow that the Allies' alliance plans could not. Other conditions, captured in the theory, strongly favored success. First, Germany's policy tried to induce a low degree of alignment change. The Soviet Union was uncommitted; the German goal was to solidify this in a formal arrangement. Second, Germany faced low alliance constraints at the time. Its closest (and only formal) military ally, Italy, was weak relative to Germany and had little direct influence or interests at stake in the elements of the bargain, and it favored compromise with USSR for the same general reasons Germany did.

The Entente Realigns Italy, 1915

This chapter investigates the entente's successful attempt in 1915 to promote Italy's defection from and intervention against the Central powers. First, the entente sought to achieve a high degree of alignment change: to convert Italy from a hedged neutral into a cobelligerent against its former allies. The theory expects that this would be a difficult alignment goal to achieve, because Italy would face high costs both for reneging on its alliance and for entering the war. To achieve this goal, then, the entente needed to provide strong rewards to offset those costs and outbid Italy's erstwhile allies. Yet, the entente allies faced high alliance constraints, which, if they disagreed about Italy's strategic weight, would make it hard for them to concert such rewards. Despite initial differences, the entente allies did come to agree that Italy had war-tipping potential, and as the theory expects, they struck side bargains with each other in order to coordinate a powerful bid that well exceeded the bribes offered by Italy's erstwhile allies. This enabled the Italian government to defend a decision to intervene despite significant neutralist opposition, thus giving the entente what it sought.