Lectins as Cytochemical Probes of the Developing Wheat Grain. I. Fluorescein-Labelled Lectins Covering a Range of Specificities With Emphasis on Those That Bind D-Galactose.

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Baldo ◽  
PA Boniface ◽  
DH Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Fluorescent Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Abrus Precatorius ◽  
Nucellar Projection ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Binding Lectin

Twelve fluorescein-labelled lectins with combining sites that collectively recognize a range of sugars were used as specific cytochemical probes to study both plastic-embedded and frozen sections of developing wheat grain. Specific reactions, inhibited by preincubation of lectin with sugars complementary to the specific combining sites, were observed with all of the lectins except the L- fucose-binding agglutinins from Lotus tetragonolobus and Ulex europaeus, and the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-binding lectin from U. europaeus. Lectins from Canavalia ensiformis, Pisum sativum and Bandeiraea simplicifolia reacted with the starch granules. Potato and wheat-germ agglutinins, both of which bind N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, stained protein bodies. The latter lectin also reacted strongly with the nucellar epidermis in the immature grain. Four D-galactose-binding lectins from Abrus precatorius, Arachis hypogaea, Bandeiraea simplicifolia and Glycine max reacted with the cell walls of both the nucellar epidermis and the nucellar projection. Fluorescent staining of the nucellar epidermis was most uniform and intense at about 14 days post-anthesis (p.a.) and declined thereafter until it had completely disappeared by 35 days p.a. However, staining of the nucellar projection persisted throughout the period of examination.

Some Chemical and Morphological Changes Induced by Gibberellic Acid in Embryo-free Wheat Grain

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Fincher ◽  
BA Stone
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Morphological Studies

Chemical changes which occur in components of the cell walls of wheat endosperm have been followed during gibberellic acid induced modification of embryo-free wheat grain. Water-soluble polysaccharides, which are mainly arabinoxylans, increased approximately threefold in yield during 3 days treatment with gibberellic acid while their molecular weights decreased progressively. The changes in arabinogalactan-peptide were obscured by the large increases in low-molecular-weight arabinoxylan but were probably slight. Parallel morphological studies using the scanning electron microscope showed that degradative changes occurred initially in the subaleurone endosperm and progressed towards the central endosperm. Between 1 and 2 days modification, cell walls in the subaleurone endosperm were pariially degraded and there was a rapid disappearance of matrix protein. Erosion of starch granules became apparent later. The results show that under conditions simulating germination, arabinoxylan depolymerizing enzymes are operating in addition to starch and protein hydrolases. Their action is manifest at a very early stage and the pattern of erosion of cell walls is consistent with the progressive liberation of arabinoxylan hydrolases from the aleurone or alternatively to the progressive activation or release from inhibition of a latent form of the enzyme in the endosperm.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure of the Developing Aleurone Cells of Wheat Grain

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 768 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Buttrose
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Aleurone Cells ◽  
Wheat Kernel ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Inner Surface

The developing aleurone layer cells of the wheat kernel have been investigated by electron microscopy and the results compared with those of light microscopy. Two weeks after flowering vacuoles appear in the cells and deposits accumulate in these until maturity when the cells are filled 'with the resulting "vacuolar units" 2-3p. in diameter, corresponding to the aleurone grains of light microscopy. The wheat aleurone grain consists of a bounding membrane (of vacuole origin) enclosing a matrix in which are embedded spherical deposits. Some of these deposits are translucent and others opaque to electrons after potassium permanganate and osmium tetroxide fixation. At all stages examined the cytoplasm of aleurone cells contained large numbers of small unidentified bodies with irregular outline and dense contents. At first they are dispersed, but towards maturity are organized as a monolayer over the surface of each aleurone grain and the inner surface of the cell walls. The apparent specificity of these structures to aleurone cells is discussed in relation to future chemical and physiological studies of the tissue.

Lectins as Cytochemical Probes of the Developing Wheat Grain. IV. Demonstration of Mucilage Containing L-Fucose Associated With Roots in Ungerminated Grain

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Baldo ◽  
AL Reid ◽  
PA Boniface
Keyword(s):  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Ulex Europaeus

Fluorescein-labelled lectins from Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus, each with a specific binding affinity for L-fucose, reacted with carbohydrate material in the root cap and surrounding the roots in the embryos of developing wheat grains. The reactions were completely inhibited by preincubation of the lectins with L-fucose and were observed throughout development of the grain from 6 days post-anthesis to physiological maturity 29 days later. These findings provide the first demonstration of the location of L-fucose in the wheat grain. Although a lectin-reactive slime or mucilage containing L-fucose has been studied by others in the roots of germinated cereal grains, particularly maize, our results demonstrate that such a mucilage already occurs around the roots prior to germination.

Lectins as Cytochemical Probes of the Developing Wheat Grain. V. Demonstration of Separate Polysaccharides Containing N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine and D-Galactose in Nuclear Epidermal Cell Walls

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Baldo ◽  
D Barnett ◽  
JW Lee
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Lectin Staining ◽  
Wheat Germ Lectin

Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled lectin from wheat-gem, which binds N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and Griffonia simplicifolia, Arachis hypogaea and Glycine max lectins, each of which binds D-galactose, react with nucellar epidermal cell walls in thin sections of plastic-embedded developing wheat grain. Reactivity of these cell walls with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, the absence of staining with protein stains and the failure of a number of proteases and the endoglycosidases D and H to prevent the binding suggested that the lectin-reactive wall components are neither proteins nor N-glycosidically linked glycoproteins. Morphological differences in lectin staining patterns and treatment of sections with chitinase and α-galactosidase, prior to the reaction with the lectins, indicated that two separate polysaccharides are probably involved in the binding. Chitinase removed the reactivity of the nucellar epidermal cell walls for wheat-germ lectin but the binding of D-galactose-specific lectins was unimpaired. Conversely, α-galactosidase did not affect the binding of wheat-germ lectin but reactivity with the galactose-specific lectins was abolished. From the available evidence we conclude that one polysaccharide in the nucellar epidermal cell wall reacts with wheat-germ lectin and contains N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in a chitin-like structure. The other polysaccharide reacts with D-galactose- specific lectins by virtue of terminal α-D-galactose residues. Hydrolysis and subsequent chromatographic analysis of nucellar epidermal cell walls peeled from immature grains revealed the presence of D-glucosamine, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and a trace of D-mannose.

scholarly journals Fucose binding lectin for characterizing acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Delwel ◽  
I Touw ◽  
F Bot ◽  
B Lowenberg
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells ◽  
Blast Cells ◽  
Binding Lectin ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract The reactivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML) was determined in 29 patients using the fucose binding lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA) as surface marker. We show a marked heterogeneity in the UEA- binding abilities of the cells in these patients as determined by fluorescence analysis of the blasts labeled with the UEA coupled to the fluorescent molecule FITC. The results suggest a correlation between the capability of AML blast cells to bind UEA and cytologic maturation, because in 1 of 10 M1, 3 of 8 M2, 6 of 8 M4, and 1 of 3 M5 cytology types UEA binding to the leukemic cells was apparent. In 13 cases, the cells gave rise to colonies in vitro. The amount of UEA binding to AML colony-forming cells (AML-CFU) was determined by cell sorting and subsequent colony culture of UEA-negative, intermediately positive, and highly fluorescent cells. AML-CFU from none of the four patients with M1 cytology were UEA positive, whereas they showed intense reactivity with the lectin in 1 of 4 cases with M2 cytology and in all 4 cases of M4. In these five cases with strongly UEA positive AML-CFU, the fluorescence distribution of the colony formers differed from that of the total leukemia population, indicating that AML-CFU represent a subpopulation of AML cells with specific UEA-binding properties. Normal bone marrow myeloid and multipotential colony-forming cells (CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM) showed low or no binding of UEA. UEA-FITC appears a useful reagent for membrane analysis of AML-CFU. In certain cases, UEA-FITC labeling may be applied to discriminate AML-CFU from normal hematopoietic progenitors.

Nucellar projection transfer cells in the developing wheat grain

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 182 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Wang ◽  
C. E. Offler ◽  
J. W. Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Nucellar Projection

Ultrastructural observations on guard cells of Vicia faba and Allium porrum

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Allaway ◽  
George Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts

Stomata of Vicia faba and Allium porrum were examined in thin section with the electron microscope. Guard cells contained numerous mitochondria, few plastids, and relatively small vacuoles traversed by many strands of cytoplasm. Spherosomes were often observed but were variable in occurrence. Endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes were present, although not well developed. Scattered microtubules were present at the periphery of the cells. Microbodies were very rarely observed in guard cells and no plasmodesmata were ever seen in the guard cell walls. Plastids were small and irregular in outline in guard cells of both species. Guard cell plastids of V. faba contained abundant large starch granules. In both species thylakoids were few and grana were small in comparison with mesophyll plastids. The inner of the two bounding membranes of guard cell chloroplasts was extensively invaginated, forming a peripheral reticulum. This was not observed in mesophyll plastids of these species. Small groups of microtubule-like structures were often observed in V. faba guard cell plastids; microtubule-like structures were less frequent in A. porrum plastids, and were not in groups. The structures described are compared with those of other epidermal cells and mesophyll cells, and are discussed in relation to guard cell physiology.

scholarly journals Fucose binding lectin for characterizing acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Delwel ◽  
I Touw ◽  
F Bot ◽  
B Lowenberg
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells ◽  
Blast Cells ◽  
Binding Lectin ◽  
Acute Myeloid

The reactivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML) was determined in 29 patients using the fucose binding lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA) as surface marker. We show a marked heterogeneity in the UEA- binding abilities of the cells in these patients as determined by fluorescence analysis of the blasts labeled with the UEA coupled to the fluorescent molecule FITC. The results suggest a correlation between the capability of AML blast cells to bind UEA and cytologic maturation, because in 1 of 10 M1, 3 of 8 M2, 6 of 8 M4, and 1 of 3 M5 cytology types UEA binding to the leukemic cells was apparent. In 13 cases, the cells gave rise to colonies in vitro. The amount of UEA binding to AML colony-forming cells (AML-CFU) was determined by cell sorting and subsequent colony culture of UEA-negative, intermediately positive, and highly fluorescent cells. AML-CFU from none of the four patients with M1 cytology were UEA positive, whereas they showed intense reactivity with the lectin in 1 of 4 cases with M2 cytology and in all 4 cases of M4. In these five cases with strongly UEA positive AML-CFU, the fluorescence distribution of the colony formers differed from that of the total leukemia population, indicating that AML-CFU represent a subpopulation of AML cells with specific UEA-binding properties. Normal bone marrow myeloid and multipotential colony-forming cells (CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM) showed low or no binding of UEA. UEA-FITC appears a useful reagent for membrane analysis of AML-CFU. In certain cases, UEA-FITC labeling may be applied to discriminate AML-CFU from normal hematopoietic progenitors.

The rumen degradability of crimped wheat in comparison with conventionally treated grain assessed in vitro

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 168-168
Author(s):  
F.L. Mould ◽  
K. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Main Attraction ◽  
In Sacco

Despite little published research data (Ekström et al., 1966) the use of crimped cereal grain in the rations of high producing dairy cows has gained considerable acceptance. This is partly due to an earlier harvesting date permitting replanting up to three weeks earlier and to reduced storage costs. However, the main attraction is that high levels of crimped grain are readily consumed without apparently adversely affecting rumen fermentation. Although this appears to be in direct contradiction with the belief that crimped grain is fermented faster due the ensiling process, this information was probably obtained using the in sacco technique which tends to over-estimate processed cereal degradation due of fine particulate losses (e.g. starch granules). This study was therefore undertaken to characterise the degradation profile of crimped wheat grain relative to that of conventionally harvested material.

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