Morphological variation and phylogenetic relationships within Eucalyptus series Subulatae (Myrtaceae) of southern Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nicolle ◽  
M. A. Whalen ◽  
D. A. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Seedling Characters ◽  
Seedling Characteristics

Morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae, a group of mallee and woodland tree taxa distributed across southern Australia, was assessed by adult and seedling characteristics. A phenetic study included a total of 51 adult morphological characters and 37 seedling characters, which were assessed for 564 individuals representing 163 populations, covering the broad geographical distribution of the series. All taxa included in the series by either Johnson and Hill (1999) or Brooker (2000) were included together with E. angustissima, E. cooperiana, E. falcata and E. salmonophloia, all of which have been at times included in, or considered closely related to, E. ser. Subulatae. The phenetic analyses indicate that the four subseries of Brooker (2000) are morphologically distinct, although their distinctiveness is only evident from seedling characters. The two subseries that Johnson and Hill (1999) recognise (subser. Flocktonianosae and Transcontinentalosae) corresponding to Brooker’s (2000) subser. Decurrentes, are more weakly defined. Southern populations of E. dolichocera are not considered here to belong to this species but rather to belong to a different subseries based on seedling morphology. A phylogenetic analysis of 44 morphological characters and 23 species of E. ser. Subulatae and 24 species from variously related taxa suggest that E. ser. Subulatae may not be monophyletic. Eucalyptus brockwayi and E. salmonophloia are basal to E. ser. Subulatae and all of the other taxa included in the analysis. Within E. ser. Subulatae, subsers Oleaginae and Spirales are both monophyletic. Both the phylogenetic and phenetic analyses strongly suggest that E. brockwayi is unique in several characters, including some not previously recognised, and is best placed in a monotypic series. The position of E. aspersa remains unresolved, but is probably best retained in E. subser. Decussatae. A key to the subseries of E. ser. Subulatae is presented and putative intersubserial, interserial and intersectional hybrids involving the series are cited.

A taxonomic revision and morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Decussatae and Decurrentes (Myrtaceae) of Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nicolle
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Seedling Characters ◽  
Seedling Characteristics

Morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Decussatae and Decurrentes was assessed by adult and seedling characteristics for 321 individuals representing 91 populations from across the broad geographical distribution of both the subseries. All previously recognised taxa from the subseries are included. Based on examination of adult and seedling morphology and phenetic analyses of morphological variation, eleven taxa (eight species) are recognised within E. subser. Decussatae. Adult morphology is most important in distinguishing taxa in this subseries, although seedling characters are also useful discriminators of some taxa, most notably E. aspersa and E. yalatensis. The previously recognised E. eucentrica is weakly distinguished from E. socialis, and E. socialis s.l. (i.e. including E. eucentrica) forms four adjacent groups in ordination analyses based on adult characters and adult and seedling characters combined. Four subspecies of E. socialis are recognised. Eucalyptus socialis subsp. viridans Nicolle subsp. nov. is described to accommodate green-leaved populations of E. socialis from the Peninsulas and southern Murray Mallee regions in South Australia. Eucalyptus socialis subsp. victoriensis Nicolle subsp. nov. is described to accommodate coarse-leaved, budded and fruited populations of E. socialis from the Great Victoria Desert in Western Australia and South Australia. A new combination is also made [E. socialis subsp. eucentrica (L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill) Nicolle comb. nov.]. Based on the examination of variation in adult and seedling morphology and phenetic analyses of morphological variation, 11 or 12 taxa within E. subser. Decurrentes are recognised. Eucalyptus transcontinentalis subsp. semivestita is considered to be synonymous with E. moderata and the circumscription of this species is greatly modified. A new taxonomy for both the subseries is presented, based on extensive field, seedling and herbarium examination of all taxa in the series and phenetic analyses. Descriptions and keys to the taxa within the subseries are presented.

A taxonomic revision and morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Spirales (Myrtaceae) of southern Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nicolle ◽  
M. A. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Adult Morphology ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Seedling Characters

Variation in adult and seedling morphology within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Spirales, a group of mallee and woodland tree taxa distributed across southern Australia, was examined. A total of 35 adult morphological characters and 13 seedling characters was included in the phenetic analyses of 150 individuals representing 40 populations covering all the taxa and the broad geographical distribution of the subseries and also including E. brockwayi and E. salmonophloia for comparative purposes. Based on phenetic analyses of adult and seedling characters, six taxa are recognised within E. subser. Spirales and seedling characters are important in delimiting these taxa. Of the seven subspecies of E. oleosa described by Johnson and Hill (1999), two subspecies, E. oleosa subsp. oleosa and subsp. repleta could not be distinguished from one another based on either adult or seedling morphology. Similarly, the three subspecies, E. oleosa subsp. ampliata, wylieana and victima, could not be distinguished. A new taxonomy for E. subser. Spirales based on phenetic analyses combined with extensive field, glasshouse and herbarium examination of all taxa in the subseries is presented. Six terminal taxa in the subseries are recognised, viz. E. delicata, E. longicornis and E. oleosa with subspp. oleosa, ampliata, corvina and cylindroidea. Within E. oleosa, E.oleosa subsp. oleosa and subsp. ampliata are not readily distinguishable on the basis of adult morphology alone. Eucalyptus oleosa subsp. repleta is synonymised with subsp. oleosa, and E. oleosa subspp. wylieana and victima with subsp. ampliata. Keys to the taxa of the subseries are presented.

Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Hylodinae (Anura, Leptodactylidae) based on morphological characters

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca do Val ◽  
Paulo Nuin
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Family

AbstractThe systematics and phylogenetic relationships of the family Leptodactylidae are controversial as is the intrafamilial phylogeny of the leptodactylids. Here we analyze the relationships of the leptodactylid subfamily Hylodinae. This subfamily has been considered to be monophyletic and composed of three genera, Hylodes, Crossodactylus and Megaelosia. In the present study 49 characters were used, based on different studies on Leptodactylidae phylogeny. Maximum parsimony methods with unweighted and successively weighted characters were used to estimate the phylogeny of the Hylodinae. Upon analysis, the data provided further evidence of the monophyletic status of the three genera, with Megaelosia being the basal genus and the other two genera being sister taxa. The analysis with successive weighting results in a more resolved topology of the species subgroups of the genus Hylodes and separates this genus from Crossodactylus and confirms that the hylodines are monophyletic.

A taxonomic revision and morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Oleaginae (Myrtaceae), including the oil mallee complex, of south-western Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nicolle ◽  
M. Byrne ◽  
M. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Seedling Characters ◽  
Weak Separation

Morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Oleaginae, a group of mallee taxa distributed in south-western Australia, was assessed by adult and seedling characteristics. A total of 36 adult morphological characters and 20 seedling characters was included in phenetic analyses of 82 individuals representing 29 populations covering all the taxa and the broad geographical distribution of the series. The phenetic analyses indicate relatively weak separation of all previously recognised taxa within E. subser. Oleaginae, except for E. longissima (previously referred to as E. grasbyi), which is distinctive in its seedling morphology, and to a lesser degree, E. ultima, which is also most easily distinguished by seedling morphology. E. eremicola, E. peeneri and E. sublucida are not well differentiated from one another, differing significantly only in adult leaf colour and gloss. The three previously recognised species of the oil mallee complex (E. kochii, E. plenissima and E. ‘horistes’) are also only weakly differentiated from one another. Two variants within E. kochii were observed to differ from each other in several adult vegetative and floral characteristics and are recognised at the subspecific level. A new taxonomy for E. subser. Oleaginae is presented, based on phenetic analyses combined with extensive field, glasshouse and herbarium examination of all taxa in the subseries. A new species is described (E. longissima Nicolle sp. nov.) to accommodate populations of mallees previously erroneously referred to E. grasbyi. New combinations are made for E. peeneri [E. eremicola subsp. peeneri (Blakely) Nicolle comb. nov.] and E. oleosa var. borealis [E. kochii subsp. borealis (C. Gardner) Nicolle comb. nov.] and two new subspecies of E. kochii are described (subspp. amaryssia Nicolle and yellowdinensis Nicolle). Eucalyptus sublucida is considered to be synonymous with E. eremicola subsp. peeneri. Keys to the taxa within the subseries are presented.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of the Aplousobranchia (Tunicata: Ascidiacea)

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane R. Moreno ◽  
Rosana M. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
Character Matrix

The phylogenetic relationships of genera and families of Aplousobranchia Lahille (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) is reconstructed based on morphological characters - the first comprehensive morphology-based phylogenetic analysis for the Aplousobranchia. Monophyly of Aplousobranchia and its families were tested with samples of 14 families. The final character matrix comprised 47 characters and 41 genera as terminal taxa. Nine equally most parsimonious trees (length 161, CI = 0.5031, RI = 0.7922) were found. Characters describing replication, colony system formation, and branchial walls were the more important in phylogenetic reconstruction. These characters were more useful than others more traditionally used in ascidian taxonomy, such as: body division, position of the heart, gonads and epicardium. Characters not frequently used in phylogenetic analysis, such as body wall muscles, muscles associated with transversal blood vessels and arrangement of the larval papillae, also have phylogenetic information. Results supported monophyly of the Aplousobranchia sensu Lahille, 1887 including only Polycitoridae, Polyclinidae, and Didemnidae. On the other hand, Aplousobranchia including also Cionidae and Diazonidae is not monophyletic since Perophora and Ecteinascidia were included as ingroups in the cladogram, Ciona (now closer to Ascidia) was no longer included in Aplousobranchia and the position of Rhopalaea and Diazona is not resolved. We propose a revised classification based on this phylogenetic analysis, in which Aplousobranchia, with three new families and an indeterminate taxon, now has 15 families.

Morphological variation in the genus Juliomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) and taxonomic status of Juliomys anoblepas (Winge 1887) from the Quaternary of Southeast Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4861 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-443
Author(s):  
CAROLINA PIRES ◽  
MARCELO WEKSLER ◽  
CIBELE R. BONVICINO
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Qualitative Characters

The region of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is one of the most important karstic areas of the Brazilian Quaternary due to the faunistic diversity of living and extinct forms. Among them, some taxa remain poorly studied, as is the case of Calomys anoblepas Winge 1887. Despite the recent allocation of the taxon within Juliomys, its description and morphological analysis are condensed, based on comparative few specimens and on few informative characters. In this study, we investigate characters proposed to distinguish species of Juliomys, and reevaluate the taxonomic status of the fossil Juliomys anoblepas. We analyzed 80 cranio-dental morphological characters in 233 specimens represented by the four species currently recognized: J. pictipes (Osgood 1933), J. rimofrons Oliveira & Bonvicino 2002, J. ossitenuis Costa, Pavan, Leite & Fagundes 2007, and J. ximenezi Christoff, Vieira, Oliveira, Gonçalves, Valiati & Tomasi 2016. We also performed principal component analysis on eight craniodental measurements available for the J. anoblepas hypodigm. The review of morphological systems and the evaluation of the characters used in the literature revealed that there are no diagnostic characters in the anterior portion of the skull and in the molar series of Juliomys, being difficult to differentiate the fossil from the other living species. Only six qualitative characters were variable and applicable to the hypodigm of J. anoblepas. Characters are polymorphic, invariable, or the fossil is not sufficiently complete to determinate its states. The taxon could not be morphometrically differentiated from J. pictipes and J. ossitenuis. Based on the results presented herein, we consider J. anoblepas as a nomen dubium and restrict its name to the taxon’s hypodigm. 

scholarly journals Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1731) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Heikkilä ◽  
Lauri Kaila ◽  
Marko Mutanen ◽  
Carlos Peña ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

Although the taxonomy of the ca 18 000 species of butterflies and skippers is well known, the family-level relationships are still debated. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the superfamilies Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea and Hedyloidea to date based on morphological and molecular data. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. We estimated times and rates of diversification along lineages in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that the butterflies, as traditionally understood, are paraphyletic, with Papilionidae being the sister-group to Hesperioidea, Hedyloidea and all other butterflies. Hence, the families in the current three superfamilies should be placed in a single superfamily Papilionoidea. In addition, we find that Hedylidae is sister to Hesperiidae, and this novel relationship is supported by two morphological characters. The families diverged in the Early Cretaceous but diversified after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene event. The diversification of butterflies is characterized by a slow speciation rate in the lineage leading to Baronia brevicornis , a period of stasis by the skippers after divergence and a burst of diversification in the lineages leading to Nymphalidae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae.

Assessment of monophyly and taxon affinities within the polychaete clade Terebelliformia (Terebellida)

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 961-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Glasby ◽  
Patricia A. Hutchings ◽  
Kathryn Hall
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Retention Index ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consistency Index ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
First Time

A phylogenetic analysis of the polychaete clade Terebelliformia (Terebellida) was undertaken in order to test monophyly of families and subfamilies and to determine their affinities. Parsimony analyses of 41 terebelliform species with outgroup Owenia fusiformis and 46 morphological characters yielded 106–144 most parsimonious trees with length 250, consistency index=0·432, retention index=0·659 and rescaled consistency index=0·285. Monophyly was indicated for Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae and the terebellid subfamily Polycirrinae. Monophyly of Terebellidae is supported by the presence of a ridge-like tentacular membrane. Monophyly of Polycirrinae is supported by the loss of branchiae, trilobed upper lip, pinnate secondary notochaetae and ventro-lateral pads. Recognition of Polycirrinae renders taxa in the other terebellid subfamilies—Terebellinae and Thelepodinae—paraphyletic. Our results do not support previous classifications that placed Trichobranchidae as a subfamily of Terebellidae; rather it should be considered equal in rank with Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae and Pectinariidae. The following relationships were obtained: (Trichobranchidae ((Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae) (Pectinariidae, Terebellidae))). This is the first time a Pectinariidae–Terebellidae sister group relationship has been found; it is supported by the synapomorphic presence of ventral glandular shields.

A review of the systematics and phylogeny of the African Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Rourke
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
Savannah Woodland

In Africa the Proteaceae are represented by 16 genera of which two (Dilobeia Thouars. and Malagasia L.Johnson and B.Briggs) are endemic to Madagascar and one (Faurea Harv.) is common to both Madagascar and Africa where it is widespread in forest and savannah woodland from the southern Cape to Eritrea. The remaining 13 genera are Cape-centred (10 are endemic to the western Cape) and with the exception of the monotypic riverine Brabejum L. (Grevilleoideae), are confined to fynbos (heathland) communities on oligotrophic soils. These 12 Cape heathland genera currently assigned to two subtribes (Proteinae and Aulacinae) within the subfamily Proteoideae have all been recently revised or are in the final stages of revision. Preliminary cladistic studies now suggest that they could be arranged in several new subtribes within the subfamily Proteoideae to reflect more accurately their phylogenetic relationships. Using morphological characters in a cladistic analysis, the South African Proteoideae (tribe Proteeae) resolve into two broad groups; Aulax Berg., Faurea Harv. and Protea L. form a weakly supported group while the second, large, well-supported group resolves into two clades in which the heterogeneous Leucadendron R.Br. stands apart while the other clade underpinned by Vexatorella Rourke resolves into two further groups, the ‘Leucospermum group’ and the ‘Serruria group’. The dioecious genera Leucadendron and Aulax previously united in the subtribe Aulacinae have been shown to differ markedly and should probably be placed in separate subtribes. Selection pressure, especially from fire and pollinators, has resulted in major morphological modifications in the 12 fynbos genera from the western Cape.

A morphological phylogenetic analysis of Aesculus L. and Billia Peyr. (Sapindaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Forest ◽  
Josée Nadia Drouin ◽  
René Charest ◽  
Luc Brouillet ◽  
Anne Bruneau
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
North American ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Asian Origin

The hippocastanaceous Sapindaceae (family Hippocastanaceae) consists of two genera: Aesculus and Billia. The genus Aesculus (buckeyes) is distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Twelve of the thirteen species of Aesculus are found in eastern Asia and North America, and one is native to Europe. The two species of the genus Billia are found in South and Central America. Aesculus is traditionally divided into five sections. This analysis, based on morphological characters, suggests that the monotypic section Parryanae (Aesculus parryi Gray) is sister to the remainder of the genus, and the other species are divided into two clades. One clade comprises all species from southeastern North America with the monotypic section Macrothyrsus (Aesculus parviflora Walt.) as sister to section Pavia. The other clade consists of all species found in Eurasia included in sections Aesculus and Calothyrsus, with the only North American member of this clade (Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutall) as sister to the rest of the group. According to this analysis, section Calothyrsus is rendered paraphyletic by the inclusion of section Aesculus. In contrast to previous studies that suggest an Asian origin for the genus, our study suggests an American origin for Aesculus from an ancestor similar to Billia with a single migration to Eurasia via the Bering land bridge.Key words: Aesculus, Billia, character evolution, Hippocastanaceae, morphology, phylogeny, Sapindaceae.

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