scholarly journals Long-range mobile signals mediate seasonal control of shoot growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (22) ◽  
pp. 10852-10857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pál Miskolczi ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Szymon Tylewicz ◽  
Abdul Azeez ◽  
Jay P. Maurya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Adaptive Growth ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Systemic Signals

In perennial plants, seasonal shifts provide cues that control adaptive growth patterns of the shoot apex. However, where these seasonal cues are sensed and communicated to the shoot apex remains unknown. We demonstrate that systemic signals from leaves play key roles in seasonal control of shoot growth in model tree hybrid aspen. Grafting experiments reveal that the tree ortholog of Arabidopsis flowering time regulator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) systemically convey seasonal cues to the shoot apex. GA (unlike FT) also acts locally in shoot apex, downstream of FT in seasonal growth control. At the shoot apex, antagonistic factors—LAP1, a target of FT and the FT antagonist TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)—act locally to promote and suppress seasonal growth, respectively. These data reveal seasonal changes perceived in leaves that are communicated to the shoot apex by systemic signals that, in concert with locally acting components, control adaptive growth patterns.

scholarly journals A genetic framework for regulation and seasonal adaptation of shoot architecture in hybrid aspen

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (21) ◽  
pp. 11523-11530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay P. Maurya ◽  
Pal C. Miskolczi ◽  
Sanatkumar Mishra ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
Keyword(s):  
Growth Control ◽  
Genetic Network ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Seasonal Adaptation ◽  
Antagonistic Action ◽  
Shoot Architecture ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Simultaneous Activation

Shoot architecture is critical for optimizing plant adaptation and productivity. In contrast with annuals, branching in perennials native to temperate and boreal regions must be coordinated with seasonal growth cycles. How branching is coordinated with seasonal growth is poorly understood. We identified key components of the genetic network that controls branching and its regulation by seasonal cues in the model tree hybrid aspen. Our results demonstrate that branching and its control by seasonal cues is mediated by mutually antagonistic action of aspen orthologs of the flowering regulatorsTERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1) andAPETALA1(LIKE APETALA 1/LAP1).LAP1promotes branching through local action in axillary buds.LAP1acts in a cytokinin-dependent manner, stimulating expression of the cell-cycle regulatorAIL1and suppressingBRANCHED1expression to promote branching. Short photoperiod and low temperature, the major seasonal cues heralding winter, suppress branching by simultaneous activation ofTFL1and repression of theLAP1pathway. Our results thus reveal the genetic network mediating control of branching and its regulation by environmental cues facilitating integration of branching with seasonal growth control in perennial trees.

Understanding the shoot sink.

2022 ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
General Description ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Structure Morphology

Abstract To more fully understand how all the major organs of a tree interact in the semi-autonomous scheme of assimilate distribution and tree functioning, it is important to understand their development and growth behavior. This chapter presents a general description of the development and growth characteristics of the major organs (shoot and leaf) of fruit trees, including shoot structure, morphology and orientation; diurnal patterns of shoot growth; seasonal growth patterns of shoot growth and dormancy; as well as tree aging.

Shoot growth control of pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) with prohexadione-calcium

2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Smit ◽  
J.J. Meintjes ◽  
G. Jacobs ◽  
P.J.C. Stassen ◽  
K.I. Theron
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

The lambing period of mountain sheep: synthesis, hypotheses, and tests

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred L. Bunnell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Early Weight Gain ◽  
Definition Of

Data on lambing periods from 30 populations of North American mountain sheep are reviewed. Among all populations lambing begins later and duration is shorter at more northern altitudes (p < 0.00006). Correlations are enhanced (p < 0.00003) when latitude is replaced by a phenological index incorporating altitude. Termination of lambing is not correlated with latitude or with phenological index. Two broad patterns are evident. Populations feeding on vegetation of less predictable growth patterns ("desert type") have lengthy lambing seasons; populations feeding on vegetation exhibiting more predictable growth patterns ("alpine type") have shorter lambing seasons, typically two oestrous cycles in length. Definition of "types" by latitude or sheep taxonomy reveals significant differences in lambing periods, but correlations are enhanced when "types" are defined on the basis of habitat.Among taxa, birth weights are correlated with female body weight (rs = 0.87). Birth weights are heavier in extreme environments, seasonal growth patterns are expressed better in the alpine type, and early weight gain is most rapid in the northernmost subspecies. All populations show a strong central tendency with regard to peak lambing (17 May ± 6.8 days). Departures from that tendency respond more to predictability of vegetation than to thermal stress or predation pressure.

Performance of prohexadione-calcium on shoot growth and fruit quality of apple — Effect of spray surfactants

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Cline ◽  
C. G. Embree ◽  
J. Hebb ◽  
D. S. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Us ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Vegetative growth control of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and cropping. Pruning is a labour-intensive management practice to achieve this and intrinsically stimulates new growth. Prohexadione-calcium (PC) is a plant bio-regulator that effectively regulat es the shoot extension growth of apples and other tree fruits. Previous research has demonstrated that its efficacy can vary based on the use of spray surfactants and adjuvants. This study investigated the efficacy of two rates of Apogee™, the commercial form of PC, used in combination with the spray surfactants Sylgard 309 and LI 700, on extension shoot growth and yield parameters. Experiments were conducted in Ontario on Empire and Nova Scotia on Royal Court™ Cortland apples. Treatments of 0, 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with and without either 0.5% (vol/vol.) LI 700 surfactant or 0.05% (vol/vol) Sylgard 309 surfactant were applied to Empire trees, and 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with or without 0.5% (vol/vol) LI 700, were applied to Royal Court™ trees. An untreated control treatment was also included for comparison purposes. A total of two sprays were applied to the Empire trees and a total of three sprays were applied to the Royal Court™ trees. PC significantly decreased the vegetative growth of Empire and Royal Court™ trees by approximately 18 to 44%, respectively, and the efficacy of PC was enhanced when combined with either Sylgard 309 or LI 700 surfactant. No additional benefit in vegetative growth control was gained when using Apogee™ at rates of 125 mg L-1 PC, relative to 75 mg L-1 PC. The rate of Apogee™ did not influence the number of fruit or yield per tree or mean fruit size of either cultivar. For Empire, LI 700 and Sylgard 309 significantly reduced the number of fruit per tree, resulting in lower yields and crop densities. In addition, higher mean fruit weights, and a greater distribution of fruit in the larger size categories were observed for LI 700. Fruit from Royal Court trees treated with the highest rate of Apogee™ had higher crop densities, poorer coloured fruit, and a higher percentage of fruit less than 60 mm in diameter. These data provide support for the use of alternative surfactants with Apogee™ other than those listed on the US and Canadian product labels. Key words: Apogee™, Empire, Cortland, Regalis, calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propionylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, surfactant

Age validation and seasonal growth patterns of a subtropical marsh fish: The Gulf Killifish, Fundulus grandis

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 1315-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Vastano ◽  
Kenneth W. Able ◽  
Olaf P. Jensen ◽  
Paola C. López-Duarte ◽  
Charles W. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Age Validation ◽  
Fundulus Grandis

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

scholarly journals A heat wave during leaf expansion severely reduces productivity and modifies seasonal growth patterns in a northern hardwood forest

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Florian Stangler ◽  
Andreas Hamann ◽  
Hans-Peter Kahle ◽  
Heinrich Spiecker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Some observations on the shoot growth of pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Terminal Bud

Sequential observations in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) showed that the second season's shoot was not produced solely from stem units in the terminal resting bud as previously assumed. The stem units held in the rosette of primary needles surrounding the terminal bud elongated to form most of the second season's shoot. The terminal bud only contributed 29 to 54% of the stem units. There was a marked difference between an inland and a coastal provenance of lodgepole pine in the appearance of the shoot apex at the end of the first growing season.

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