Some observations on the shoot growth of pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Terminal Bud

Sequential observations in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) showed that the second season's shoot was not produced solely from stem units in the terminal resting bud as previously assumed. The stem units held in the rosette of primary needles surrounding the terminal bud elongated to form most of the second season's shoot. The terminal bud only contributed 29 to 54% of the stem units. There was a marked difference between an inland and a coastal provenance of lodgepole pine in the appearance of the shoot apex at the end of the first growing season.

Shoot morphology and shoot growth potential in 1-year-old Scots pine seedlings

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings

When seedlings of a single seed source of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) were raised for 26 weeks in a naturally lit, heated greenhouse, two types of shoot morphology were observed. Type 1 was that normally found in 1-year-old seedlings. Type 2 had a shoot morphology similar to that of seedlings raised outdoors for two growing seasons. When compared with type 1 plants, type 2 plants had an earlier start to shoot elongation, set their buds earlier, and stopped shoot elongation sooner. After one growing season, type 2 plants were shorter, had fewer stem units for shoot elongation in the second season, but carried a greater foliage biomass than 1-year-old type plants. After two seasons they remained shorter. Thus, plant rearing practices which result in the production of seedlings with this type of shoot morphology arc undesirable.The relationship between early "budsct," shoot morphology, and plant height suggests that the proportion of seedlings with a 2-year-old shoot morphology after one growing season in a heated greenhouse may be used as an early test for height growth potential in seed origins and possibly in progenies of north temperate pine species.

Early growth of lodgepole pine after establishment of alsike clover–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1089-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Trowbridge ◽  
F.B. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Needle Mass

An overdense lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stand was knocked down and the site was prepared by broadcast burn, windrow burn, or mechanical forest floor removal. Inoculated alsike clover (Trifoliumhybridum L.) was seeded at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha for the three different site preparation treatments to determine the effects of (i) site preparation on infection and effectiveness of the clover–Rhizobium symbiosis and clover percent cover and (ii) the clover–Rhizobium N2-fixing symbiosis on survival, early growth, and foliar nitrogen concentration of lodgepole pine seedlings. The N2-fixing symbiosis established well in all treatments. Clover percent cover increased with increasing rate of seeding, although by relatively few percent in the clover seeded plots. Broadcast burning, windrow burning, and mechanical forest floor removal did not affect the establishment of the N2-fixing symbiosis or clover percent cover. Lodgepole pine survival was not affected by the seeding treatments in any year, nor were height measurements during the first three growing seasons. Seedling height was slightly less in clover-seeded plots compared with controls in the fourth growing season. Lodgepole pine seedlings on clover-seeded plots had decreased diameter growth compared with controls during the first three growing seasons, but incremental diameter growth no longer showed this effect by the fourth growing season. Needle mass (g/100 needles) was less in clover-seeded plots at the end of the second growing season, but this effect was reversed by the fourth growing season, when both needle mass and foliar nitrogen concentration in lodgepole pine foliage were greater in clover-seeded plots.

Nitrate metabolism in Scots pine seedlings during their first growing season

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sarjala ◽  
R. Raitio ◽  
E.-M. Turkki
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nitrate Metabolism

Here comes the flood! Stress effects of continuous and interval waterlogging periods during the growing season on Scots pine saplings

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 869-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Domisch ◽  
Ji Qian ◽  
Izabela Sondej ◽  
Françoise Martz ◽  
Tarja Lehto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Survival Probability ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Short Term

Abstract Future climate scenarios for the boreal zone project increasing temperatures and precipitation, as well as extreme weather events such as heavy rain during the growing season. This can result in more frequent short-term waterlogging (WL) leading to unfavorable conditions for tree roots. In addition, it is decisive whether short-term WL periods during the growing season occur continuously or periodically. We assessed the effects of short-termed WL on 4-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings after shoot elongation started. Waterlogging (WL) lasted either continuously for 2.5 weeks (ContWL) or noncontinuously for 5 weeks, consisting of three repeated 1-week-interval WL periods (IntWL). Both treatments resulted in the same duration of soil anoxia. We studied soil gases, root and shoot growth and physiology, and root survival probability and longevity during the experiment. In the final harvest, we determined shoot and root biomass and hydraulic conductance and electrical impedance spectra of the root systems. Soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations increased immediately after WL onset and O2 decreased until anoxia. Waterlogging decreased fine root survival probability, but there was no difference between WL treatments. Shoot growth suffered more from ContWL and root growth more from IntWL. Needle concentrations of pinitol increased in the WL saplings, indicating stress. No WL effects were observed in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. Increased starch concentration in needles by WL may be due to damaged roots and thus a missing belowground sink. Electrical impedance indicated suffering of WL saplings, although root hydraulic conductance did not differ between the treatments. Oxidative stress of short-term and interval WL can have long-lasting effects on shoot and root growth and the physiology of Scots pine. We conclude that even short-term WL during the growing season is a stress factor, which will probably increase in the future and can affect carbon allocation and dynamics in boreal forests.

The growth of lodgepole pine seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches at five seedbed densities

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-428
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Foliage Weight

The components of shoot growth and dry matter production in 1 + 0 lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. spp. contorta) seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches for 12 weeks at five seedbed densities (180–720 plants/m2) were studied. The greater plant height found at the highest seedbed density was the result of increased stem unit length, not increased number of stem units. The increase in plant dry weight as seedbed density decreased was largely due to greater dry weight of roots, branchwood, and branch foliage, and not to increases in stemwood and stem foliage weight. Seedbed densities of less than 460 seedlings/m2 are required to produce yields of suitably sturdy seedlings in excess of 50% of the crop.

Growth losses from winter drying (red belt damage) in lodgepole pine stands on the east slopes of the Rockies in Alberta

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Bella ◽  
S. Navratil
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Growth Loss ◽  
Annual Volume ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Rotation Age

Red belt damage (reddening and death of foliage) occurs frequently in lodgepole pine Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm. stands between certain elevations and may affect tree growth and even cause mortality. We examined growth impact in four pine stands (10, 55, 90, and 115 years old) where nearly all trees showed symptoms of damage. On young trees, visible damage ranged from 0 to 80% of foliage, and averaged about 35%. A highly significant reduction in height growth and terminal bud length (p < 0.01) of young trees was proportional to the amount of damage. As much as two-thirds growth loss occurred in trees with 60% or more necrotized foliage. On intermediate and mature lodgepole pine, reduction of annual volume increment in the growing season following damage was variable and reached as high as 50%, with no further significant reduction occurring in subsequent years. Potential yield losses at rotation age and forest management prescriptions for susceptible stands are presented.

Development of freezing tolerance in roots and shoots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aija Ryyppö ◽  
Tapani Repo ◽  
Elina Vapaavuori
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Extracellular Resistance

The hardening of hydroponically cultured Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and their recovery after freezing was studied at the end of the second growing season (LD), after 3 weeks of short day treatment (SD), after a gradual decrease in temperature to 5°C over 4 weeks (H1), and after 4 weeks at 5°C (H2). Frost hardiness was determined by several methods and the recovery as survival of the seedlings. The highest frost hardiness was achieved in the distal parts of needles (-21 to -27°C) and in the proximal parts of needles (-18 to -25°C), followed by woody roots (-7 to -9°C), the 1-year-old and current stem (-8°C), and the fine roots (-5°C), all at the end of H2. Hardening of needles was induced by SD, but the stem and woody roots started to harden later, as a response to low temperature. As a result of frost treatment during LD and SD, potential plasma membrane roman H+-ATPase activity of roots decreased as electrolyte leakage increased and extracellular resistance decreased, but this relationship was lost during H1 and H2. The present study demonstrates the lack of hardening capacity in the fine roots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures and the increased mortality of the young seedlings having frost damage on roots.

scholarly journals A descriptive model o Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) L. seedling's growth during the first growing season

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Teresa Gowin ◽  
Leokadiusz Ubysz
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Net Assimilation

Scots pine seedlings were grown in pots from seed under outside conditions. Plant material was harvested ten times in fortnight periods, throughout the growing season. At each harvest, each plant was divided into particular organs and their dimensions as well as fresh and dry weight were determined. Seasonal course of growth of particular organs as well as changes in specific leaf area and distribution of dry matter between shoot and root were investigated. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were calculated from the fitted logistic growth curves.

Seasonal variation in root hardiness of container-grown Scots pine, Norway spruce, and lodgepole pine seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lindström ◽  
Christer Nyström
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Root Vitality ◽  
Chloride Method

Roots of containerized seedlings of Scots pine (PinussylvestrisL.), Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.), and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) grown for one season were experimentally frozen during autumn, winter, and spring. After freezing, root growth capacity and seedling survival were determined by growing the seedlings for 3 weeks in a growth chamber. Root vitality was also tested with the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride method. The seedlings showed a progressive increase in root hardiness towards midwinter and a dehardening as spring approached. Scots pine and lodgepole pine roots were more sensitive to low temperatures than Norway spruce roots. Northern provenances of Scots pine and Norway spruce had the hardiest roots during the autumn. During winter and spring, provenance differences became less clear. Northern Scots pine and lodgepole pine seedlings sown in July tended to be more sensitive to low root temperatures than older seedlings sown in May. No age effects were found in southern Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings. Although the root systems survived temperatures as low as −15 °C to −25 °C during late fall and midwinter, the capacity to grow roots tended to be stunted at considerably higher temperatures. This indicates the sensitivity of roots and emphasizes the importance of protection against low root temperatures.

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