scholarly journals ToxigenicVibrio choleraeevolution and establishment of reservoirs in aquatic ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (14) ◽  
pp. 7897-7904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Mavian ◽  
Taylor K. Paisie ◽  
Meer T. Alam ◽  
Cameron Browne ◽  
Valery Madsen Beau De Rochars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Bacterial Transmission ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Robust Evidence

The spread of cholera in the midst of an epidemic is largely driven by direct transmission from person to person, although it is well-recognized thatVibrio choleraeis also capable of growth and long-term survival in aquatic ecosystems. While prior studies have shown that aquatic reservoirs are important in the persistence of the disease on the Indian subcontinent, an epidemiological view postulating that locally evolving environmentalV. choleraecontributes to outbreaks outside Asia remains debated. The single-source introduction of toxigenicV. choleraeO1 in Haiti, one of the largest outbreaks occurring this century, with 812,586 suspected cases and 9,606 deaths reported through July 2018, provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the role of aquatic reservoirs and assess bacterial transmission dynamics across environmental boundaries. To this end, we investigated the phylogeography of both clinical and aquatic toxigenicV. choleraeO1 isolates and show robust evidence of the establishment of aquatic reservoirs as well as ongoing evolution ofV. choleraeisolates from aquatic sites. Novel environmental lineages emerged from sequential population bottlenecks, carrying mutations potentially involved in adaptation to the aquatic ecosystem. Based on such empirical data, we developed a mixed-transmission dynamic model ofV. cholerae, where aquatic reservoirs actively contribute to genetic diversification and epidemic emergence, which underscores the complexity of transmission pathways in epidemics and endemic settings and the need for long-term investments in cholera control at both human and environmental levels.

The Role of SBA Loans in Small Business Survival after Disaster Events

2021 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2110282
Author(s):  
Maria Watson
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Small Business Administration ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Business Survival ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Local businesses are important for recovering communities, yet program analyses of the effectiveness of Federal disaster loans—particularly for businesses—are limited and contradictory. This study looks at the role U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) Disaster Loans played in the long-term survival of small businesses in Galveston County, Texas after the 2008 Hurricane Ike. This research uses quasi-experimental design, matching methods, and conditional logistic regression to tease out the effect of the loan from potential confounding factors. The results show that businesses that received a disaster loan were significantly more likely to survive than their controls, and businesses that moved were also more likely to survive.

Long-Term Survival in a Patient With Abdominal Sarcomatosis From Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: Role of Repeated Laparoscopic Surgery in Treatment and Follow-Up

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Macciò ◽  
Paraskevas Kotsonis ◽  
Giacomo Chiappe ◽  
Luca Melis ◽  
Fausto Zamboni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Uterine Leiomyosarcoma ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival

scholarly journals Role of Sex Hormones at Different Physiobiological Conditions and Therapeutic Potential in MBD2 Mediated Severe Asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Binaya Wasti ◽  
Zhifeng Chen ◽  
Yi Ke ◽  
Wen Tao Duan ◽  
Shao-Kun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Term Survival

Sex hormone has become a “hot topic” to evaluate the hormonal therapeutic potential in severe asthma. Th17 cell is one of the main influencing factors involved in the pathogenesis of severe asthma, hence also called as kernel of severe asthma, and Th17 subtype of non-T2 asthma is less responsive (resistance) to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), so severe in nature. Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) is overexpressed and regulates the Th17 differentiation, showing the possibility of therapeutic target in treating Th17 mediated severe asthma. Sex hormone fluctuates at the different physiobiological conditions of the human body and affects the asthma pathobiology showing its role in asthma prevalence, severity, remission, and therapy. This review briefly overviews the sex hormones, their influence in asthma at the different physiobiological conditions of human body, and MBD2 severe asthma connection with the possible therapeutic potential of sex steroids in MBD2 mediated Th17 predominant severe asthma. Male sex hormone tends to show a beneficial effect and possibly downregulates the expression of Th17 cells via regulating MBD2 through a mechanism distinct from corticosteroid treatment and guides us towards discovery of new therapeutic agent, reduces the asthma-related complications, and promotes long-term survival by lowering the risk of therapy-resistant issues of old age severe asthma.

scholarly journals Thermal Ablation of Metastatic Colon Cancer to the Liver

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 310-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Camacho ◽  
Elena N. Petre ◽  
Constantinos T. Sofocleous
Keyword(s):  
Liver Metastases ◽  
Thermal Ablation ◽  
Interventional Oncology ◽  
Percutaneous Ablation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Metastatic Colon Cancer ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Ablative Therapies

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is responsible for approximately 10% of cancer-related deaths in the Western world. Liver metastases are frequently seen at the time of diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease. Surgical resection is often considered as it provides long-term survival; however, few patients are candidates for resection. Percutaneous ablative therapies are also used in the management of this patient population. Different thermal ablation (TA) technologies are available including radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation (MWA), laser, and cryoablation. There is growing evidence about the role of interventional oncology and image-guided percutaneous ablation in the management of metastatic colorectal liver disease. This article aims to outline the technical considerations, outcomes, and rational of TA in the management of patients with CRC liver metastases, focusing on the emerging role of MWA.

Role of Lung Transplantation in the Treatment of Bronchogenic Carcinomas for Patients With End-Stage Pulmonary Disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 4351-4356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc de Perrot ◽  
Susan Chernenko ◽  
Thomas K. Waddell ◽  
Yaron Shargall ◽  
Andrew F. Pierre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Bronchogenic Carcinoma ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma ◽  
Actuarial Survival ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Primary Indication ◽  
End Stage

Purpose To determine the role of lung transplantation in the treatment of patients presenting with bronchogenic carcinoma and end-stage lung disease. Methods An international survey was conducted to determine the outcome of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in the explanted lung at the time of transplantation. A group of 69 patients was collected from 33 centers. Results Twenty-six patients underwent 29 lung transplantations for advanced multifocal bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) as the primary indication for transplantation, and 13 developed a recurrence, with an overall 5-year actuarial survival of 39%. Incidental bronchogenic carcinomas classified as stage I (n = 22), II (n = 12), and III (n = 2), or as incidental multifocal BAC (n = 7), were found in the explanted lung of the remaining 43 patients. The 5-year actuarial survival was 51% in patients with stage I carcinomas, and was significantly better than for patients with stage II and III carcinomas (survival of 14%) or with incidental multifocal BAC (survival of 23%). Time from transplantation to recurrence and from recurrence to death was significantly longer in patients with multifocal BAC than in patients with other types of bronchogenic carcinoma. In addition, the site of recurrence was limited to the transplanted lung in 88% of the patients with multifocal BAC, whereas it was always widespread in patients with other types of bronchogenic carcinoma. Conclusion This study demonstrates that long-term survival can be achieved after lung transplantation in patients with stage I bronchogenic carcinoma or with advanced multifocal BAC.

The Prognostic Prediction Role of Preoperative Serum Albumin Level in Patients with Intahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Following Hepatectomy

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyi Shen ◽  
Tianfu Wen ◽  
Chuan Li ◽  
Lvnan Yan ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Positive Surgical Margin ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Preoperative Serum

Background: There is little information regarding the role of preoperative serum albumin (ALB) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients who underwent liver resection. Methods: Clinicopathological characteristics and survival rate of 91 ICC patients who underwent surgery between 2009 and 2013 were included in this study. The optimal cut-off for ALB were determined by plotting the receiver operating characteristics curves of ALB in predicting overall survival (OS) and utilizing the Youden index. Long-term outcome was calculated by Kaplan-meire method. Results: The pathological characteristics were similar in both groups. The 1- and 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates between the high ALB group and the lower ALB group were 62.7 vs. 25.5% and 27.0 vs. 11.1% respectively (p < 0.001). The 1- and 3-year OS rates between the high ALB group and the lower ALB group were 78.4 vs. 57.5% and 42.6 vs. 6.7% respectively (p < 0.001). The ALB level as continuous variable in multivariate analysis remained a favorable factor for DFS and OS (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ALB could distinguish the prognoses in non-cirrhotic patients. Multivariate analysis showed other pathological risk factors like lymph node involvement, positive surgical margin, satellite lesions, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were associated with DFS and OS (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: A higher preoperative serum ALB level is associated with better long-term survival in ICC patients.

Hyperosmotic NaCl and severe hemorrhagic shock: role of the innervated lung

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (6) ◽  
pp. H883-H890 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. U. Lopes ◽  
V. Pontieri ◽  
M. Rocha e Silva ◽  
I. T. Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Vagal Blockade ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium

Infusions of hyperosmotic NaCl (2,400 mosmol/l; 4 ml/kg) were given to dogs in severe hemorrhagic hypotension by intravenous injection (72 expts) or intra-aortic injection (25 expts). In 46 experiments intravenous infusions were given during bilateral blockage of the cervical vagal trunks (local anesthesia or cooling). Intravenous infusions (without vagal blockade) restore arterial pressure, cardiac output, and acid-base equilibrium to normal and cause mesenteric flow to overshoot prehemorrhage levels by 50%. These effects are stable, and indefinite survival was observed in every case. Intra-aortic infusions of hyperosmotic NaCl produce only a transient recovery of arterial pressure and cardiac output but no long-term survival. Intravenous infusions with vagal blockage produce only a transient recovery of cardiac output, with non long-term survival. Measurement of pulmonary artery blood osmolarity during and after the infusions shows that a different pattern is observed in each of these three groups and strongly indicates that the first passage of hyperosmotic blood through the pulmonary circulation at a time when vagal conduction is unimpaired is essential for the production of the full hemodynamic-metabolic response, which is needed for indefinite survival.

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