scholarly journals Stac protein regulates release of neuropeptides

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (47) ◽  
pp. 29914-29924
Author(s):  
I-Uen Hsu ◽  
Jeremy W. Linsley ◽  
Xiaoli Zhang ◽  
Jade E. Varineau ◽  
Drew A. Berkhoudt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Behavioral Analysis ◽  
Contraction Coupling ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Neuropeptide Release ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuropeptides are important for regulating numerous neural functions and behaviors. Release of neuropeptides requires long-lasting, high levels of cytosolic Ca2+. However, the molecular regulation of neuropeptide release remains to be clarified. Recently, Stac3 was identified as a key regulator of L-type Ca2+channels (CaChs) and excitation–contraction coupling in vertebrate skeletal muscles. There is a small family ofstacgenes in vertebrates with other members expressed by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system. The function of neural Stac proteins, however, is poorly understood.Drosophila melanogastercontain a singlestacgene,Dstac, which is expressed by muscles and a subset of neurons, including neuropeptide-expressing motor neurons. Here, genetic manipulations, coupled with immunolabeling, Ca2+imaging, electrophysiology, and behavioral analysis, revealed that Dstac regulates L-type CaChs (Dmca1D) inDrosophilamotor neurons and this, in turn, controls the release of neuropeptides.

Dopamine modulation of gill reflex behavior in Aplysia

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ruben ◽  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Withdrawal Reflex ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathway ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dopamine Modulation

We have studied the effects of dopamine on the gill withdrawal reflex evoked by tactile siphon stimulation in the margine mollusc Aplysia. Physiological concentrations of dopamine (diluted in seawater) were perfused through the gill during siphon stimulation series. The amplitude of the reflex was potentiated by dopamine and habituation of the reflex was prevented. This occurred with no change in the activity evoked in central motor neurons. These results lead us to conclude that the dopaminergic motor neuron L9 is modulating habituation in the periphery and that the central nervous system facilitatory control of the peripheral nervous system may act via a dopaminergic pathway.

The gill withdrawal reflex is suppressed in sexually active Aplysia

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Lukowiak ◽  
Lee Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Withdrawal Reflex ◽  
The Central Nervous System

In Aplysia, the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system interact and form an integrated system that mediates adaptive gill withdrawal reflex behaviours evoked by tactile stimulation of the siphon. The central nervous system (CNS) exerts suppressive and facilitatory control over the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in the mediation of these behaviours. We found that the CNS's suppressive control over the PNS was increased significantly in animals engaged in sexual activity as either a male or female. In control animals, the evoked gill withdrawal reflex met a minimal response amplitide criterion, while in sexually active animals the reflex did not meet this criterion. At the neuronal level, the increased CNS suppressive control was manifested as a decrease in excitatory input to the central gill motor neurons.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VOLATILE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS EFFECT ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Ragim Almamed Orujov ◽  
Rana Anver Jafarova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Motor Reaction ◽  
Animal Hypnosis ◽  
Static Work ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Electric Pulses ◽  
The Central Nervous System

 Objective: The goal of the research is studying the functional changes in the central nervous system against the background of intoxication with the minimum dosages of gasoline, benzene and acetone.Methods: The research was performed on 45 white mice divided into 3 groups; each group received corresponding hydrocarbon in the exposure chamber by inhaling. The functional state of the CNS was assessed with a complex of integral tests: By summation of subliminal pulses, the ability of animals to restore rectilinear movement after centrifugation, by the tone of skeletal muscles, and by the activity of muscle static work.Results: The durations of the narcosis phases in case of acute inhalation poisoning are different for all studied substances. The study of the functional changes in the CNS on the background of intoxication with low dosages has revealed that at the first exposure to benzene for activating the motor reaction the required number of electric pulses from the outside increases, the muscle tone increases, the ability to static work reduces, and the time for rectilinear movement and “animal hypnosis” increases. At the same time, on the background of intoxication during the fifth exposure, a decrease is observed in the number of electric pulses from the outside for activating the motor reaction, the muscle tone remains increased, the ability to static work is reduced, and the time of “animal hypnosis” is shorter than that during the first exposure.Conclusion: Against the background of the repeated use of small doses of benzene, the CNS adapts to the action of the toxic factor. With that, the ability of the CNS to sum the subliminal pulses, the cholinergic innervation of the skeletal muscles tone and other integral tests during the fifth exposure change less than during the first exposure.

scholarly journals THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HAMSTER TO MOUSE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS

1948 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Dean ◽  
Gilbert Dalldorf
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Inapparent Infection ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The OT strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus induces an inapparent infection in suckling hamsters associated with lesions of the central nervous system and skeletal muscles. The virus increases in pathogenicity after alternating mouse-hamster transfers and then induces both paralysis and encephalitis. Pathogenicity is lost through serial hamster passages but is restored by a single mouse transfer.

scholarly journals Microtubule-associated protein 2 within axons of spinal motor neurons: associations with microtubules and neurofilaments in normal and beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile-treated axons.

1985 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Papasozomenos ◽  
L I Binder ◽  
P K Bender ◽  
M R Payne
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Spinal Motor Neurons ◽  
Spinal Motor ◽  
The Central Nervous System

We have examined the distribution of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the lumbar segment of spinal cord, ventral and dorsal roots, and dorsal root ganglia of control and beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile-treated rats. The peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was used for light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical studies with two monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of Chinese hamster brain MAP2, designated AP9 and AP13. MAP2 immunoreactivity was present in axons of spinal motor neurons, but was not detected in axons of white matter tracts of spinal cord and in the majority of axons of the dorsal root. A gradient of staining intensity among dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of spinal motor neurons was present, with dendrites staining most intensely and axons the least. While dendrites and cell bodies of all neurons in the spinal cord were intensely positive, neurons of the dorsal root ganglia were variably stained. The axons of labeled dorsal root ganglion cells were intensely labeled up to their bifurcation; beyond this point, while only occasional central processes in dorsal roots were weakly stained, the majority of peripheral processes in spinal nerves were positive. beta,beta'-Iminodipropionitrile produced segregation of microtubules and membranous organelles from neurofilaments in the peripheral nervous system portion and accumulation of neurofilaments in the central nervous system portion of spinal motor axons. While both anti-MAP2 hybridoma antibodies co-localized with microtubules in the central nervous system portion, only one co-localized with microtubules in the peripheral nervous system portion of spinal motor axons, while the other antibody co-localized with neurofilaments and did not stain the central region of the axon which contained microtubules. These findings suggest that (a) MAP2 is present in axons of spinal motor neurons, albeit in a lower concentration or in a different form than is present in dendrites, and (b) the MAP2 in axons interacts with both microtubules and neurofilaments.

scholarly journals Stereotyped terminal axon branching of leg motor neurons mediated by IgSF proteins DIP-α and Dpr10

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalanti Venkatasubramanian ◽  
Zhenhao Guo ◽  
Shuwa Xu ◽  
Liming Tan ◽  
Qi Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Terminal Axon ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Ig Superfamily ◽  
The Central Nervous System

For animals to perform coordinated movements requires the precise organization of neural circuits controlling motor function. Motor neurons (MNs), key components of these circuits, project their axons from the central nervous system and form precise terminal branching patterns at specific muscles. Focusing on the Drosophila leg neuromuscular system, we show that the stereotyped terminal branching of a subset of MNs is mediated by interacting transmembrane Ig superfamily proteins DIP-α and Dpr10, present in MNs and target muscles, respectively. The DIP-α/Dpr10 interaction is needed only after MN axons reach the vicinity of their muscle targets. Live imaging suggests that precise terminal branching patterns are gradually established by DIP-α/Dpr10-dependent interactions between fine axon filopodia and developing muscles. Further, different leg MNs depend on the DIP-α and Dpr10 interaction to varying degrees that correlate with the morphological complexity of the MNs and their muscle targets.

scholarly journals A VIRUS RECOVERED FROM THE FECES OF "POLIOMYELITIS" PATIENTS PATHOGENIC FOR SUCKLING MICE

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Dalldorf ◽  
Grace M. Sickles ◽  
Hildegard Plager ◽  
Rebecca Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A virus has been recovered from the feces of two children having symptoms similar to those of poliomyelitis. The virus is pathogenic for suckling mice and hamsters but not for rhesus monkeys. It induces striking lesions in the skeletal muscles of the experimental animal but not in the central nervous system. Other viruses inducing similar signs and lesions in suckling mice have been isolated from several other outbreaks of a poliomyelitis-like disease, including one large urban epidemic.

scholarly journals Motor neurons involved in fine motor control are labeled by tracing Atoh1-lineage neurons in the spinal cord

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osita W. Ogujiofor ◽  
Iliodora V. Pop ◽  
Felipe Espinosa ◽  
Razaq O. Durodoye ◽  
Michael L. Viacheslavov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Mouse Line ◽  
Developmental History ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractMotor neurons (MNs) innervating the digit muscles of the intrinsic hand and foot (IH and IF) control fine motor movements. Previous studies suggest that the IH and IF MN pools have a unique developmental history in comparison to limb MN pools. Consistent with having this unique development, we find that the IH and IF MN pools are labeled postnatally using a CRE knock-in mouse line of Atoh1, a developmentally expressed basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, while limb-innervating MN pools are not. Approximately 60% of the IH and IF MN pools are labeled and are a mixture of alpha and gamma-MNs. In addition, because Atoh1 is known developmentally to specify many cerebellar-projecting neurons, we tested the hypothesis that IH and IF MNs can send axon collaterals to the cerebellum as a mechanism of corollary discharge. Using intersectional genetic, viral labeling, and retrograde labeling strategies, we were unable to provide evidence in support of this idea. As a secondary finding of our viral labeling experiments, we report here that injection of both AAV and Lentiviruses in the periphery can cross the blood-brain barrier to infect Purkinje cells within the central nervous system. Altogether, though, we find that labeling of the IH and IF motor neurons using the Atoh1 CRE knock-in mouse suggests that IH and IF MNs have a unique developmental history and that this mouse strain might be a useful tool to target these specific sets of neurons allowing for functional studies of fine motor control.Significance StatementMotor neurons (MNs) of the intrinsic hand and foot (IH and IF) are labeled postnatally using a CRE knock-in mouse line of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Atoh1 indicating a unique developmental history. We tested whether IH and IF MNs send axon collaterals rostrally to the cerebellum as a mechanism of direct corollary discharge from MNs, but the question remains unresolved. As a resource for the community, we report that injection of both AAV and Lentiviruses in the periphery can cross the blood-brain barrier and infect Purkinje cells within the central nervous system.

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