Pop-out search instigates beta-gated feature selectivity enhancement across V4 layers

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (50) ◽  
pp. e2103702118
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Westerberg ◽  
Elizabeth A. Sigworth ◽  
Jeffrey D. Schall ◽  
Alexander Maier
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Area V4 ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Feature Selectivity

Visual search is a workhorse for investigating how attention interacts with processing of sensory information. Attentional selection has been linked to altered cortical sensory responses and feature preferences (i.e., tuning). However, attentional modulation of feature selectivity during search is largely unexplored. Here we map the spatiotemporal profile of feature selectivity during singleton search. Monkeys performed a search where a pop-out feature determined the target of attention. We recorded laminar neural responses from visual area V4. We first identified “feature columns” which showed preference for individual colors. In the unattended condition, feature columns were significantly more selective in superficial relative to middle and deep layers. Attending a stimulus increased selectivity in all layers but not equally. Feature selectivity increased most in the deep layers, leading to higher selectivity in extragranular layers as compared to the middle layer. This attention-induced enhancement was rhythmically gated in phase with the beta-band local field potential. Beta power dominated both extragranular laminar compartments, but current source density analysis pointed to an origin in superficial layers, specifically. While beta-band power was present regardless of attentional state, feature selectivity was only gated by beta in the attended condition. Neither the beta oscillation nor its gating of feature selectivity varied with microsaccade production. Importantly, beta modulation of neural activity predicted response times, suggesting a direct link between attentional gating and behavioral output. Together, these findings suggest beta-range synaptic activation in V4’s superficial layers rhythmically gates attentional enhancement of feature tuning in a way that affects the speed of attentional selection.

Stimulation of the Parasubiculum Modulates Entorhinal Cortex Responses to Piriform Cortex Inputs In Vivo

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 1226-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Caruana ◽  
C. Andrew Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Negative Field ◽  
Stimulation Of

Although a major output of the hippocampal formation is from the subiculum to the deep layers of the entorhinal cortex, the parasubiculum projects to the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex and may therefore modulate how the entorhinal cortex responds to sensory inputs from other cortical regions. Recordings at multiple depths in the entorhinal cortex were first used to characterize field potentials evoked by stimulation of the parasubiculum in urethan-anesthetized rats. Current source density analysis showed that a prominent surface-negative field potential component is generated by synaptic activation in layer II. The surface-negative field potential was also observed in rats with chronically implanted electrodes. The response was maintained during short stimulation trains of ≤125 Hz, suggesting that it is generated by activation of monosynaptic inputs to the entorhinal cortex. The piriform cortex also projects to layer II of the entorhinal cortex, and interactions between parasubicular and piriform cortex inputs were investigated using double-site stimulation tests. Simultaneous activation of parasubicular and piriform cortex inputs with high-intensity pulses resulted in smaller synaptic potentials than were expected on the basis of summing the individual responses, consistent with the termination of both pathways onto a common population of neurons. Paired-pulse tests were then used to assess the effect of parasubicular stimulation on responses to piriform cortex stimulation. Responses of the entorhinal cortex to piriform cortex inputs were inhibited when the parasubiculum was stimulated 5 ms earlier and were enhanced when the parasubiculum was stimulated 20–150 ms earlier. These results indicate that excitatory inputs to the entorhinal cortex from the parasubiculum may enhance the propagation of neuronal activation patterns into the hippocampal circuit by increasing the responsiveness of the entorhinal cortex to appropriately timed inputs.

Associative Interactions Within the Superficial Layers of the Entorhinal Cortex of the Guinea Pig

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Biella ◽  
Laura Uva ◽  
Ulrich G. Hofmann ◽  
Marco De Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Lateral Olfactory Tract ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Stimulation Of

Associative fiber systems in the entorhinal cortex (EC) have been extensively studied in different mammals with tracing techniques. The largest contingent of intra-EC cortico-cortical fibers runs in the superficial layers and is distributed predominantly within longitudinal cortical bands. We studied the patterns of intrinsic EC connectivity in the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain preparation by performing current-source density analysis of field potential laminar profiles recorded with multi-channel silicon probes. The response pattern evoked by stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract was utilized to identify the lateral (l-EC) and medial (m-EC) entorhinal cortex. Stimulation of the deep layers did not evoke consistent responses. Local stimulation of the superficial layers in different portions of the EC induced an early, possibly direct response restricted to layer II–III in the close proximity to the stimulating electrode, followed by a late potential in the superficial layer I, that propagated at distance with a progressively increasing latency. The monosynaptic nature of the delayed response was verified by applying a pairing test. The results demonstrated that stimulation in the rostral-medial part of the EC generated activity restricted to the rostral pole of the l-EC, stimulation of the m-EC induced an associative activation that propagated rostrocaudally within the m-EC, stimulation of the caudal pole of the m-EC induced an additional response directed laterally, and stimulation of the lateral band of the EC determined a prominent longitudinal propagation of neuronal activity, but also induced associative potentials that propagated medially. The results are in partial agreement with the general picture derived from the anatomical studies performed in different species. Even though the largest associative interactions between superficial layers are restricted within either the m-EC or the l-EC, both rostral and caudal stimuli in the EC region close to the rhinal sulcus induced activity that propagated across the border between l- and m-EC.

scholarly journals Non-homogeneous extracellular resistivity affects the current-source density profiles of up–down state oscillations

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1952) ◽  
pp. 3802-3819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Bazhenov ◽  
Peter Lonjers ◽  
Steven Skorheim ◽  
Claude Bedard ◽  
Alain Destexhe
Keyword(s):  
Current Source ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Current Source Density ◽  
Frequency Filtering ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Source Density ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Up And Down States ◽  
Inhomogeneous Conductivity

Rhythmic local field potential (LFP) oscillations observed during deep sleep are the result of synchronized electrical activities of large neuronal ensembles, which consist of alternating periods of activity and silence, termed ‘up’ and ‘down’ states, respectively. Current-source density (CSD) analysis indicates that the up states of these slow oscillations are associated with current sources in superficial cortical layers and sinks in deep layers, while the down states display the opposite pattern of source–sink distribution. We show here that a network model of up and down states displays this CSD profile only if a frequency-filtering extracellular medium is assumed. When frequency filtering was modelled as inhomogeneous conductivity, this simple model had considerably more power in slow frequencies, resulting in significant differences in LFP and CSD profiles compared with the constant-resistivity model. These results suggest that the frequency-filtering properties of extracellular media may have important consequences for the interpretation of the results of CSD analysis.

scholarly journals Phase-specific microstimulation in brain machine interface setting differentially modulates beta oscillations and affects behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Peles ◽  
Uri Werner-Reiss ◽  
Hagai Bergman ◽  
Zvi Israel ◽  
Eilon Vaadia
Keyword(s):  
Field Potential ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Machine Interface ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Machine Interface

SummaryIt is widely accepted that beta-band oscillations play a role in sensorimotor behavior. To further explore this role, we developed a novel hybrid platform to combine operant conditioning and phase-specific intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). We trained monkeys, implanted with 96 electrodes arrays in motor cortex, to volitionally enhance local field potential (LFP) beta-band (20-30Hz) activity at selected sites using a brain-machine interface (BMI). We demonstrate that beta oscillations of LFP and single-unit spiking activity increased dramatically with BMI training, and that pre-movement Beta-power was anti-correlated with task performance. We also show that phase-specific ICMS modulated the power and phase of oscillations, shifting local networks between oscillatory and non-oscillatory states. Furthermore, ICMS induced phase-dependent effects in animal reaction times and success rates. These findings contribute to unraveling of the functional role of cortical oscillations, and to future development of clinical tools for ameliorating abnormal neuronal activities in brain diseases.

scholarly journals Relating neural oscillations to laminar fMRI connectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Scheeringa ◽  
Mathilde Bonnefond ◽  
Tim van Mourik ◽  
Ole Jensen ◽  
David G. Norris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Gamma Band ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Strong Relation

AbstractLaminar fMRI can non-invasively study brain activation and potentially connectivity at the laminar level in humans. In a previous simultaneous laminar fMRI/EEG experiment, we observed that attention effects in alpha, beta and gamma band EEG power relate to attention effects in fMRI activation in V1/V2/V3 at distinct cortical depths: alpha and gamma band EEG attention effects related to fMRI effects in superficial layers, whereas beta attention effects related to deep layers. Here we reanalyzed these data to investigate how EEG-attention effects relate to changes in connectivity between regions. We computed the fMRI-based attention effect on laminar connectivity between regions within a hemisphere and connectivity between layers within brain regions. We observed that the beta band strongly relates to laminar specific changes in connectivity. Our results indicate that the attention-related decrease in beta power relates to an increase in deep-to-deep layer connectivity between regions and deep/middle to superficial layer connectivity within brain regions. The attention related alpha power increase predominantly relates to increases in connectivity between deep and superficial layers within brain regions. We observed no strong relation between laminar connectivity and gamma band oscillations. These results indicate that especially beta band oscillations, and to a lesser extent alpha band oscillations relate to laminar specific changes in connectivity as measured by laminar fMRI. Together, the effects for the alpha and beta bands suggest a complex picture of possibly co-occurring neural processes that can differentially affect laminar connectivity.

scholarly journals A Beta Oscillation Network in the Rat Olfactory System During a 2-Alternative Choice Odor Discrimination Task

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 829-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Kay ◽  
Jennifer Beshel
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Band ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Odor Discrimination Task ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Beta Frequency Band ◽  
Alternative Choice ◽  
Beta Frequency

We previously showed that in a two-alternative choice (2AC) task, olfactory bulb (OB) gamma oscillations (∼70 Hz in rats) were enhanced during discrimination of structurally similar odorants (fine discrimination) versus discrimination of dissimilar odorants (coarse discrimination). In other studies (mostly employing go/no-go tasks) in multiple labs, beta oscillations (15–35 Hz) dominate the local field potential (LFP) signal in olfactory areas during odor sampling. Here we analyzed the beta frequency band power and pairwise coherence in the 2AC task. We show that in a task dominated by gamma in the OB, beta oscillations are also present in three interconnected olfactory areas (OB and anterior and posterior pyriform cortex). Only the beta band showed consistently elevated coherence during odor sniffing across all odor pairs, classes (alcohols and ketones), and discrimination types (fine and coarse), with stronger effects in first than in final criterion sessions (>70% correct). In the first sessions for fine discrimination odor pairs, beta power for incorrect trials was the same as that for correct trials for the other odor in the pair. This pattern was not repeated in coarse discrimination, in which beta power was elevated for correct relative to incorrect trials. This difference between fine and coarse odor discriminations may relate to different behavioral strategies for learning to differentiate similar versus dissimilar odors. Phase analysis showed that the OB led both pyriform areas in the beta frequency band during odor sniffing. We conclude that the beta band may be the means by which information is transmitted from the OB to higher order areas, even though task specifics modify dominance of one frequency band over another within the OB.

scholarly journals Low beta power reflects perceived temporal probabilities for uncertain future events

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Tavano ◽  
Erich Schröger ◽  
Sonja A. Kotz
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
List Type ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Rate Of Response ◽  
Perceived Probability

SummaryHumans tend to use elapsed time to increase the perceived probability that an impending event – e.g., the Go sign at a traffic light - will occur soon. This prompts faster reactions for longer waiting times (hazard rate effect). Which neural processes reflect instead the perceived probability of uncertain future events? We recorded behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data while participants detected a target tone, rarely appearing at one of three successive positions of a repeating five-tone sequence with equal probability. Pre-stimulus oscillatory power in the low betaband range (Beta 1: 15-19 Hz) predicted the hazard rate of response times to the uncertain target, suggesting it encodes abstract estimates of a potential event onset. Informing participants about the target’s equiprobable distribution endogenously suppressed the hazard rate of response times. Beta 1 power still predicted behavior, validating its role in contextually estimating temporal probabilities for uncertain future events.HighlightsElapsed time to an uncertain future target increases response speed (Hazard rate).Pre-stimulus low beta-band (Beta 1: 15-19 Hz) power predicts the hazard rate to uncertain targets.Beta 1 power predicts response times even when elapsed time is factored out.eTOC BlurbTavano et al. show that pre-stimulus low beta band (15-19 Hz) power predicts response times to an uncertain future target, even before its occurrence and under different prior knowledge conditions, suggesting it reflects contextual, subjective estimates of potential future events.

scholarly journals Sensory feedback-dependent coding of arm position in local field potentials of the posterior parietal cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul VanGilder ◽  
Ying Shi ◽  
Gregory Apker ◽  
Christopher A. Buneo
Keyword(s):  
Local Field ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Arm Position ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
Spiking Activity

AbstractAlthough multisensory integration is crucial for sensorimotor function, it is unclear how visual and proprioceptive sensory cues are combined in the brain during motor behaviors. Here we characterized the effects of multisensory interactions on local field potential (LFP) activity obtained from the superior parietal lobule (SPL) as non-human primates performed a reaching task with either unimodal (proprioceptive) or bimodal (visual-proprioceptive) sensory feedback. Based on previous analyses of spiking activity, we hypothesized that evoked LFP responses would be tuned to arm location but would be suppressed on bimodal trials, relative to unimodal trials. We also expected to see a substantial number of recording sites with enhanced beta band spectral power for only one set of feedback conditions (e.g. unimodal or bimodal), as was previously observed for spiking activity. We found that evoked activity and beta band power were tuned to arm location at many individual sites, though this tuning often differed between unimodal and bimodal trials. Across the population, both evoked and beta activity were consistent with feedback-dependent tuning to arm location, while beta band activity also showed evidence of response suppression on bimodal trials. The results suggest that multisensory interactions can alter the tuning and gain of arm position-related LFP activity in the SPL.

scholarly journals Neurophysiological and behavioural effects of conventional and high definition tDCS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Masina ◽  
Giorgio Arcara ◽  
Eleonora Galletti ◽  
Isabella Cinque ◽  
Luciano Gamberini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Power Reduction ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Spectrum Density

AbstractHigh-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) seems to overcome a drawback of traditional bipolar tDCS: the wide-spread diffusion of the electric field. Nevertheless, most of the differences that characterise the two techniques are based on mathematical simulations and not on real, behavioural and neurophysiological, data. The study aims to compare a widespread tDCS montage (i.e., a Conventional bipolar montage with extracephalic return electrode) and HD-tDCS, investigating differences both at a behavioural level, in terms of dexterity performance, and a neurophysiological level, as modifications of alpha and beta power as measured with EEG. Thirty participants took part in three sessions, one for each montage: Conventional tDCS, HD-tDCS, and sham. In all the conditions, the anode was placed over C4, while the cathode/s placed according to the montage. At baseline, during, and after each stimulation condition, dexterity was assessed with a Finger Tapping Task. In addition, resting-state EEG was recorded at baseline and after the stimulation. Power spectrum density was calculated, selecting two frequency bands: alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (18–22 Hz). Linear mixed effect models (LMMs) were used to analyse the modulation induced by tDCS. To evaluate differences among the montages and consider state-dependency phenomenon, the post-stimulation measurements were covariate-adjusted for baseline levels. We observed that HD-tDCS induced an alpha power reduction in participants with lower alpha at baseline. Conversely, Conventional tDCS induced a beta power reduction in participants with higher beta at baseline. Furthermore, data showed a trend towards a behavioural effect of HD-tDCS in participants with lower beta at baseline showing faster response times. Conventional and HD-tDCS distinctively modulated cortical activity. The study highlights the importance of considering state-dependency to determine the effects of tDCS on individuals.

scholarly journals Sensor-Level Wavelet Analysis Reveals EEG Biomarkers of Perceptual Decision-Making

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2461
Author(s):  
Alexander Kuc ◽  
Vadim V. Grubov ◽  
Vladimir A. Maksimenko ◽  
Natalia Shusharina ◽  
Alexander N. Pisarchik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Sensory Features

Perceptual decision-making requires transforming sensory information into decisions. An ambiguity of sensory input affects perceptual decisions inducing specific time-frequency patterns on EEG (electroencephalogram) signals. This paper uses a wavelet-based method to analyze how ambiguity affects EEG features during a perceptual decision-making task. We observe that parietal and temporal beta-band wavelet power monotonically increases throughout the perceptual process. Ambiguity induces high frontal beta-band power at 0.3–0.6 s post-stimulus onset. It may reflect the increasing reliance on the top-down mechanisms to facilitate accumulating decision-relevant sensory features. Finally, this study analyzes the perceptual process using mixed within-trial and within-subject design. First, we found significant percept-related changes in each subject and then test their significance at the group level. Thus, observed beta-band biomarkers are pronounced in single EEG trials and may serve as control commands for brain-computer interface (BCI).

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