Quelques problèmes théologiques discutés par Gilles d'Orléans et la censure de 1277

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Kuksewicz
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Negative Answer ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Christian Understanding ◽  
A Chain

Abstract Giles of Orleans' philosophy evolved from an orthodox Christian interpretation of Aristotle to an Averroism; and his successive commentaries testify to this evolution: De generatione version I, De generatione version II, Physics version I and Physics version II. The first work presents orthodox Christian solutions, the second and the third testify to some Averroistic influences and the last is a clearly Averroistic commentary. Giles did not obey the regulation of 1272 which forbade the masters of the facilitas artium to discuss theological problems. De generatione I discusses the question of world history as a chain of eternal reversions and solves it according to Christian orthodoxy. De generatione II and Physics I put forward the question whether accidents can exist without substance. The first work cites amply the Aristotelian solution and tries to reconcile it with a Christian understanding of the problem, whereas the second commentary accepts the opinion of Thomas Aquinas. In De generatione II and Physics II, Giles inquires whether an annihilated substance can reappear. The first commentary cites <Aristotelian> arguments for the negative answer, but it also gives a short declaratio fidei. The second commentary cites an <Aristotelian> and an orthodox solution, stating that one can solve the problem on two different planes - Christian or philosophical, both offering a different solution and unable to be reconciled. All three questions are listed in Tempier's Condemnation of 1277 - propositions 92, 196 and 215 - censuring heterodox answers.

scholarly journals METAPHASE I ORIENTATION OF CHAIN-FORMING INTERCHANGE QUADRIVALENTS: A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-718
Author(s):  
Prasad R K Koduru
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Theoretical Consideration ◽  
Pennisetum Americanum ◽  
Orientation Behavior ◽  
The Third ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Metaphase I

ABSTRACT The orientation behavior of chain forming interchange quadrivalents at metaphase I was studied in three interchange heterozygotes of pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] which involve chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 7 in various combinations. Of these, two combinations predominantly produced rings and the third was a chain-forming type. The chain quadrivalents derived from the two ring-forming interchanges, as well as the chain quadrivalent generated by the third interchange, all showed one adjacent orientation at metaphase I (adjacent-1 or -2, depending upon the formation or failure of chiasmata and their positions in the different segments of the pachytene cross). Homologous centromere co-orientation leading to adjacent-1 and alternate-1 occurs following chiasma failure in the noncentric arms of the pachytene cross, and nonhomologous centromere co-orientation leading to adjacent-2 and alternate-2 occurs following chiasma failure in the centric arms of the pachytene cross. Thus, it has been proposed that, unlike in ring quadrivalents, a specific chain quadrivalent will have only homologous or nonhomologous centromere co-orientations at metaphase I.

The Axial Age, Axiality, and the Missionary Enterprise

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
David Lindenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
World History ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
External Memory ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
The Third ◽  
Axial Age ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Brain Culture

This article reviews recent literature on the Axial Age as a phase of world history and seeks to illuminate the role of Christian missionaries as part of this broad perspective. Introduced by Karl Jaspers in 1949, the concept has attracted attention from scholars interested in human development. The cognitive psychologist Merlin Donald views it as the third stage of “brain-culture co-evolution,” which draws on the external memory storage that literacy provides. I argue that missionaries have been central agents in conveying such stored knowledge to non-axial cultures.

Crisis and Compromise

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-131
Author(s):  
Frederick C. Beiser
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Gospel Of John ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Personal Crisis

Chapter 9 examines the fallout from the reaction against Das Leben Jesu on Strauß’s life and writing. It first considers Strauß’s personal crisis from the spring of 1837 to 1838 when he fell into a deep depression because of his social isolation, which was the result of his reputation as a heretic. It then treats Strauß’s attempt to restore his reputation by revising some of his critical conclusions about the gospel of John in the third edition of Das Leben Jesu. It is argued that Strauß did not really retract his earlier conclusions but only slightly qualified them. This chapter also examines Strauß’s Zwei friedliche Blätter, where he attempted to modify his concept of Jesus so that he would be acceptable to a more orthodox Christian public. Though he was no longer divine in status, Jesus was now regarded as a genius.

Empire—A World History

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-88
Author(s):  
Peter Fibiger Bang
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
World History ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Us ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
Four Discourses

This chapter attempts a synthesis of the imperial experience in world history. Setting out from an in-depth comparison of two incidents, one from the US occupation of Iraq, the other from the Jewish uprising against Nero (66–70 CE), cooperation with local elites is identified as the key to imperial government. The chapter proceeds to discuss current definitions of empire, followed by a wide-ranging survey of modern theories of empire. Most of these can be grouped within four discourses that originate in societal debates from the early 1900s: about monopoly, capitalism and empire; about empire as predatory networks of aristocratic elites; about empire and national identity; and about geopolitics and the balance of power. These four theoretical discourses provide the four dimensions of an analytical matrix that, finally, structure an attempt at synthesizing the imperial experience in world history, from the third millennium BCE Levantine Bronze Age until the present.

Oligosiloxanediols as building blocks for supramolecular chemistry: hydrogen-bonded adducts with amines form supramolecular structures in zero, one and two dimensions

2000 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian O'Leary ◽  
Trevor R. Spalding ◽  
George Ferguson ◽  
Christopher Glidewell
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Supramolecular Chemistry ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Supramolecular Structures ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

The structure of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexaphenyltrisiloxane-1,5-diol–pyrazine (4/1), (C36H32O4Si3)4·C4H4N2 (1), contains finite centrosymmetric aggregates; the diol units form dimers, by means of O—H...O hydrogen bonds, and pairs of such dimers are linked to the pyrazine by means of O—H...N hydrogen bonds. In 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexaphenyltrisiloxane-1,5-diol–pyridine (2/3), (C36H32O4Si3)2·(C5H5N)3 (2), the diol units are linked into centrosymmetric pairs by means of disordered O—H...O hydrogen bonds: two of the three pyridine molecules are linked to the diol dimer by means of ordered O—H...N hydrogen bonds, while the third pyridine unit, which is disordered across a centre of inversion, links the diol dimers into a C 3 3(9) chain by means of O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. In 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyldisiloxane-1,3-diol–hexamethylenetetramine (1/1), (C24H22O3Si2)·C6H12N4 (3), the diol acts as a double donor and the hexamethylenetetramine acts as a double acceptor in ordered O—H...N hydrogen bonds and the structure consists of C 2 2(10) chains of alternating diol and amine units. In 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyldisiloxane-1,3-diol–2,2′-bipyridyl (1/1), C24H22O3Si2·C10H8N2 (4), there are two independent diol molecules, both lying across centres of inversion and therefore both containing linear Si—O—Si groups: each diol acts as a double donor of hydrogen bonds and the unique 2,2′-bipyridyl molecule acts as a double acceptor, thus forming C 2 2(11) chains of alternating diol and amine units. The structural motif in 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyldisiloxane-1,3-diol–pyrazine (2/1), (C24H22O3Si2)2·C4H4N2 (5), is a chain-of-rings: pairs of diol molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric R 2 2(12) dimers and these dimers are linked into C 2 2(13) chains by means of O—H...N hydrogen bonds to the pyrazine units. 1,1,3,3-Tetraphenyldisiloxane-1,3-diol–pyridine (1/1), C24H22O3Si2·C5H5N (6), and 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyldisiloxane-1,3-diol–pyrimidine (1/1), C24H22O3Si2·C4H4N2 (7), are isomorphous: in each compound the amine unit is disordered across a centre of inversion. The diol molecules form C(6) chains, by means of disordered O—H...O hydrogen bonds, and these chains are linked into two-dimensional nets built from R 6 6(26) rings, by a combination of O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds.

Oxidation Dynamics of a Chain of Aluminum Nanoparticles

2013 ◽  
Vol 1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adarsh Shekhar ◽  
Weiqiang Wang ◽  
Richard Clark ◽  
Rajiv K. Kalia ◽  
Aiichiro Nakano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Aluminum Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Burning Behavior ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Exothermic Oxidation

ABSTRACTMultimillion-atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate burning behavior of a chain of three alumina-coated aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs), where particles one and three are heated above the melting temperature of pure aluminum. The mode and mechanism behind the heat and mass transfer from the hot ANPs (particles one and three) to the middle, cold ANP (particle two) are studied. The hot nanoparticles oxidize first, after which hot Al atoms penetrate into the cold nanoparticle. It is also found that due to the penetration of hot Al atoms, the cold nanoparticle oxidizes at a faster rate than in the initially heated nanoparticles. The calculated speed of penetration is found to be 54 m/s, which is within the range of experimentally measured flame propagation rates. As the atoms penetrate into the central ANP, they maintain their relative positions. The atoms from the shell of the central ANP form the first layer, which is followed by the atoms from the shell of the outer ANP making the second layer and lastly the atoms from the core of the outer ANPs form the third layer. In addition to heating the central ANP by convection, the ejected hot Al atoms from the outer ANPs initiate exothermic oxidation reactions inside the central ANP, leading to further heating within the central ANP. During 1 ns, all three ANPs fuse together, forming a single ellipsoidal aggregate.

Prenegotiation Development of Optimism in Intractable Conflict

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean G. Pruitt
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Case Material ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Intractable Conflict ◽  
The Third ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Psychological Experiments

Except when there is substantial third-party pressure for settlement, participants in intractable conflict will only enter negotiation if they are motivated to end the conflict and optimistic about negotiation’s chances of success. The sources of such optimism are explored using case material from three intractable interethnic conflicts that were ultimately resolved by negotiation. In all three cases, optimism developed during prenegotiation communication between the parties. Also there were two main channels of communication, each channel providing credibility to the other and serving as a back-up if the other failed. In two of the cases the communication was face-to-face and friendly, but in the third it was distant and mediated by a chain of two intermediaries. A possible reason for this difference is that the parties were positively interdependent in the first two cases but not in the third. The paper concludes with a summary of three psychological experiments that demonstrate the impact of positive vs. negative interdependence.

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