When two languages are competing

Interpreting ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Chiaming Fan ◽  
Aymeric Collart ◽  
Shiao-hui Chan
Keyword(s):  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Frontal Negativity ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Past studies have shown that expert interpreters were better than novices at using contextual cues to anticipate upcoming information. However, whether such sensitivity to contextual cues can be traced by means of neural signatures is relatively unexplored. The present study used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) along with a language-switching paradigm – including non-switched (Chinese–Chinese, L1–L1) and switched (Chinese–English, L1–L2) conditions – to investigate whether interpreters with many years of experience, interpreters with a few years of experience and post-graduate-level interpreting students differed in the way they process contextually congruent or incongruent sentence-final target words. The results show that while the manipulations of congruency and switching independently induced a strong brain response in all three groups, the interaction between the two factors elicited different patterns across groups during 500–700 ms: (1) while a sustained congruency effect was found in the two less-experienced groups for the switched condition, such an effect was observed in the most experienced group for both switched and non-switched conditions; (2) only the least-experienced group showed a frontal negativity towards incongruent trials in the switched condition. These 200 ms transient group differences revealed that it might be possible to trace the development of interpreting ability by examining the ERP components in a language-switching setting.

The Elicited Language Inventory and the Influence of Contextual Cues

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren K. Nelson ◽  
Marcia Weber-Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Subject Group ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Normal Speaking

The Elicited Language Inventory (ELI) (Carrow, 1974b) was administered in standardized fashion and in a modified procedure with contextually supported cues to eight language-delayed and eight normal-speaking children in Brown's (1973) Stage II of morphological development. Additionally, grammatical morpheme use under the two ELI presentation conditions was compared with use of the same morphemes in spontaneous speech for two language-delayed and two normal-speaking subjects. Results of both comparisons favored modified use of the ELI with contextually cued items when sampling children's expressive speech. A significantly greater number of morphemes was imitated and provided in obligatory contexts under modified ELI conditions. Significantly fewer total errors were produced by all subjects when ELI items were presented with contextual cues. Moreover, children's performance on contextually cued ELI items was a significantly better predictor of their grammatical morpheme use in spontaneous speech than performance on the standard version of the ELI. Except for total errors, subject group differences were not significant; however, the older language-delayed children performed consistently better than the stage-matched normal-speaking children on all imitative response measures.

Examining the Role of Language in Play Among Children With and Without Developmental Disabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Short ◽  
Rachael Cooper Schindler ◽  
Rita Obeid ◽  
Maia M. Noeder ◽  
Laura E. Hlavaty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Play Skills ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Better Than

Purpose Play is a critical aspect of children's development, and researchers have long argued that symbolic deficits in play may be diagnostic of developmental disabilities. This study examined whether deficits in play emerge as a function of developmental disabilities and whether our perceptions of play are colored by differences in language and behavioral presentations. Method Ninety-three children participated in this study (typically developing [TD]; n = 23, developmental language disorders [DLD]; n = 24, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]; n = 26, and autism spectrum disorder [ASD]; n = 20). Children were videotaped engaging in free-play. Children's symbolic play (imagination, organization, elaboration, and comfort) was scored under conditions of both audible language and no audible language to assess diagnostic group differences in play and whether audible language impacted raters' perception of play. Results Significant differences in play were evident across diagnostic groups. The presence of language did not alter play ratings for the TD group, but differences were found among the other diagnostic groups. When language was audible, children with DLD and ASD (but not ADHD) were scored poorly on play compared to their TD peers. When language was not audible, children with DLD were perceived to play better than when language was audible. Conversely, children with ADHD showed organizational deficits when language was not available to support their play. Finally, children with ASD demonstrated poor play performance regardless of whether language was audible or not. Conclusions Language affects our understanding of play skills in some young children. Parents, researchers, and clinicians must be careful not to underestimate or overestimate play based on language presentation. Differential skills in language have the potential to unduly influence our perceptions of play for children with developmental disabilities.

scholarly journals Analysis of 4G mobile network coverage in UTeM technology campus

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Zahariah Manap ◽  
Anis Suhaila Mohd Zain ◽  
Rahaini Mohd Said ◽  
Shawn Shivaneson Balakirisnan
Keyword(s):  
Open Source Software ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Propagation Loss ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
Received Signal Strength Indicator ◽  
Signal Degradation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Grid Points ◽  
Coverage Profile ◽  
Better Than

<p><span>This paper proposes an analysis of the coverage performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus. The performance of the cellular services is presented as the network’s coverage profile which is based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The area under study is virtually divided into 64 grid points where the average RSSI measurements are captured by using an open source software namely G-Mon. The measured values are mapped into the network coverage profile which represents the signal reception quality at each of the grid points. A statistical analysis called Two-Way ANOVA is performed to investigate the correlation of the performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus with the mobile phone brands and service operators. Based on the analysis, it is found that the signal reception in outdoor areas are better than that of indoor areas. In addition, the analysis shows that the propagation loss and signal degradation are two factors that contribute to the 4G services’ performance in UTeM Technology Campus. </span></p>

Logic and Moral Dilemmas

1998 ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
E.F. Karavaev
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Moral Rules ◽  
Better Than

Logic is of great importance for the philosophy of education. In particular, logic provides a rational and critical approach in ethics, helping us understand the nature of moral dilemmas. Some suggest that all moral dilemmas result from some kind of inconsistency in the moral rules. Unsolvable moral situations simply reflect implicit inconsistencies in our existing moral code. If we are to remain moral as well as logical, then we must restore consistency to our code. This is accomplished by adding exception clauses to current principles, and giving priorities to some principles over others, or by some other device. I argue that we must accept moral dilemmas as an essential part of real-life reality on the grounds that some moral statements concern values. According to Moore's "axiological thesis," whether these statements are true depends on two factors: the set of alternatives from which we make an evaluation, and the scale of values with which we rate them. Also, it is possible that a given alternative is no better than another in some respect. Furthermore, there is no respect in which they are equally good or equally bad (the so-called "Condorcet's effect"). Thus, we must accept moral dilemmas as real rather than apparent.

scholarly journals BEYOND THE SECRETARIAT: ADDRESSING GOVERNANCE ISSUES IN ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 741-759
Author(s):  
KAEWKAMOL PITAKDUMRONGKIT
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Effectiveness ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Better Than

This article investigates interactions between institutional designs and values upheld by states on institutional effectiveness, for the purpose of understanding why particular institutions perform better than the others in extracting compliance and cooperation from countries. I contend that institutional effectiveness — defined as the ability to extract states’ compliance and foster cooperation — is explained by dynamics between institutional functions and actors’ governing principles. The higher the compatibility between these two factors, the higher the degree of institutions’ effectiveness, and vice versa. This argument was validated through cases of non-tariff barrier (NTB) elimination and trade facilitation under the ASEAN Economic Community framework.

Variability and consistency in late bilinguals’ morphology

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-214
Author(s):  
Anna Jessen ◽  
João Veríssimo ◽  
Harald Clahsen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Grammatical Morphology ◽  
Frontal Negativity ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
L1 English ◽  
Late Bilinguals

Abstract Speaking a late-learned second language (L2) is supposed to yield more variable and less consistent output than speaking one’s first language (L1), particularly with respect to reliably adhering to grammatical morphology. The current study investigates both internal processes involved in encoding morphologically complex words – by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during participants’ silent productions – and the corresponding overt output. We specifically examined compounds with plural or singular modifiers in English. Thirty-one advanced L2 speakers of English (L1: German) were compared to a control group of 20 L1 English speakers from an earlier study. We found an enhanced (right-frontal) negativity during (silent) morphological encoding for compounds produced from regular plural forms relative to compounds formed from irregular plurals, replicating the ERP effect obtained for the L1 group. The L2 speakers’ overt productions, however, were significantly less consistent than those of the L1 speakers on the same task. We suggest that L2 speakers employ the same mechanisms for morphological encoding as L1 speakers, but with less reliance on grammatical constraints than L1 speakers.

scholarly journals Children Processing Music: Electric Brain Responses Reveal Musical Competence and Gender Differences

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Koelsch ◽  
Tobias Grossmann ◽  
Thomas C. Gunter ◽  
Anja Hahne ◽  
Erich Schröger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Music And Language ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Process Music ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Brain

Numerous studies investigated physiological correlates of the processing of musical information in adults. How these correlates develop during childhood is poorly understood. In the present study, we measured event-related electric brain potentials elicited in 5and 9-year-old children while they listened to (major–minor tonal) music. Stimuli were chord sequences, infrequently containing harmonically inappropriate chords. Our results demonstrate that the degree of (in) appropriateness of the chords modified the brain responses in both groups according to music-theoretical principles. This suggests that already 5-year-old children process music according to a well-established cognitive representation of the major–minor tonal system and according to music-syntactic regularities. Moreover, we show that, in contrast to adults, an early negative brain response was left predominant in boys, whereas it was bilateral in girls, indicating a gender difference in children processing music, and revealing that children process music with a hemispheric weighting different from that of adults. Because children process, in contrast to adults, music in the same hemispheres as they process language, results indicate that children process music and language more similarly than adults. This finding might support the notion of a common origin of music and language in the human brain, and concurs with findings that demonstrate the importance of musical features of speech for the acquisition of language.

Explaining ideology: Two factors are better than one

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Robbins ◽  
Kenneth Shields
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Psychological Factor ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Better Than

AbstractHibbing et al. contend that individual differences in political ideology can be substantially accounted for in terms of differences in a single psychological factor, namely, strength of negativity bias. We argue that, given the multidimensional structure of ideology, a better explanation of ideological variation will take into account both individual differences in negativity bias and differences in empathic concern.

Learning from 7 Years of Experience with Sorafenib in Advanced HCC: Sorafenib Better than Sorafenib?

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Faivre ◽  
Armand de Gramont ◽  
Eric Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Advanced Hcc ◽  
Better Than

scholarly journals Unbinding of contextual information: age differences and cultural effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Iok Wong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Better Than

Age and cultural effects on memory for complex pictures were examined under an unbinding condition. Young and older Canadians and Chinese were tested in Toronto and Beijing respectively. At encoding, participants viewed semantically congruent or incongruent pictures. At recognition, they were asked to recognize the objects and backgrounds of these pictures in isolation. The results revealed effects of both age and culture on recognition performance. Older adults recognized more objects than young adults, whereas Canadians were better than Chinese in background recognition. There was also a trend for Canadian older adults to recognize more objects and backgrounds than the other groups of participants. Age and cultural differences in memory under unbinding were possibly due to group differences in information binding during encoding. Finally, it was found that images from congruent pictures were better recognized than those from incongruent pictures, suggesting that semantic relatedness of information improves recognition under unbinding.

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