Logic and Moral Dilemmas

1998 ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
E.F. Karavaev
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Moral Rules ◽  
Better Than

Logic is of great importance for the philosophy of education. In particular, logic provides a rational and critical approach in ethics, helping us understand the nature of moral dilemmas. Some suggest that all moral dilemmas result from some kind of inconsistency in the moral rules. Unsolvable moral situations simply reflect implicit inconsistencies in our existing moral code. If we are to remain moral as well as logical, then we must restore consistency to our code. This is accomplished by adding exception clauses to current principles, and giving priorities to some principles over others, or by some other device. I argue that we must accept moral dilemmas as an essential part of real-life reality on the grounds that some moral statements concern values. According to Moore's "axiological thesis," whether these statements are true depends on two factors: the set of alternatives from which we make an evaluation, and the scale of values with which we rate them. Also, it is possible that a given alternative is no better than another in some respect. Furthermore, there is no respect in which they are equally good or equally bad (the so-called "Condorcet's effect"). Thus, we must accept moral dilemmas as real rather than apparent.

scholarly journals An analytics-based heuristic decomposition of a bilevel multiple-follower cutting stock problem

OR Spectrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adejuyigbe O. Fajemisin ◽  
Laura Climent ◽  
Steven D. Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Cutting Stock Problem ◽  
Cutting Stock ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
New Class ◽  
Bilevel Problem ◽  
Programming Techniques ◽  
Bilevel Problems ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThis paper presents a new class of multiple-follower bilevel problems and a heuristic approach to solving them. In this new class of problems, the followers may be nonlinear, do not share constraints or variables, and are at most weakly constrained. This allows the leader variables to be partitioned among the followers. We show that current approaches for solving multiple-follower problems are unsuitable for our new class of problems and instead we propose a novel analytics-based heuristic decomposition approach. This approach uses Monte Carlo simulation and k-medoids clustering to reduce the bilevel problem to a single level, which can then be solved using integer programming techniques. The examples presented show that our approach produces better solutions and scales up better than the other approaches in the literature. Furthermore, for large problems, we combine our approach with the use of self-organising maps in place of k-medoids clustering, which significantly reduces the clustering times. Finally, we apply our approach to a real-life cutting stock problem. Here a forest harvesting problem is reformulated as a multiple-follower bilevel problem and solved using our approach.

Peirce on learning and teaching

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried Nöth
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Theory Of Education ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
Semiotic Theory

Abstract The paper is a precis of C. S. Peirce’s semiotic theory of education. It presents this theory of learning and teaching from the perspective of Peirce’s phenomenological categories of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness. In the domain of Thirdness, learning is mediation between ignorance and knowledge, new information and old knowledge. Teaching has its focus on laws, symbols, legisigns, and reasoning. In the domain of Secondness, learners acquire new knowledge from the “hard realities” of real-life experience, from obstacles, and from the resistance caused by error and doubt. Teaching takes place by means of sinsigns (singular signs) and indexical signs. In the domain of Firstness, the learner acquires familiarity with the sensory qualities of objects of experience and learns from free associations, imagination, and acts of creativity. The instruments of teaching are qualisigns, icons, and abductive reasoning. The paper concludes that Peirce’s philosophy of education is holistic insofar as it states that most efficient signs are those signs in which “the iconic, indicative, and symbolic characters are blended as equally as possible.”

scholarly journals An Universal, Simple, Circular Statistics-Based Estimator of α for Symmetric Stable Family

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Ashis SenGupta ◽  
Moumita Roy
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Stable Distribution ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Circular Statistics ◽  
Directional Statistics ◽  
Symmetric Stable Distribution ◽  
Stable Family ◽  
Family Of Distributions ◽  
Better Than

The aim of this article is to obtain a simple and efficient estimator of the index parameter of symmetric stable distribution that holds universally, i.e., over the entire range of the parameter. We appeal to directional statistics on the classical result on wrapping of a distribution in obtaining the wrapped stable family of distributions. The performance of the estimator obtained is better than the existing estimators in the literature in terms of both consistency and efficiency. The estimator is applied to model some real life financial datasets. A mixture of normal and Cauchy distributions is compared with the stable family of distributions when the estimate of the parameter α lies between 1 and 2. A similar approach can be adopted when α (or its estimate) belongs to (0.5,1). In this case, one may compare with a mixture of Laplace and Cauchy distributions. A new measure of goodness of fit is proposed for the above family of distributions.

The Effect of Lesion Characteristic on Remineralization and Model Sensitivity

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 811-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Schäfer ◽  
S.J. Raven ◽  
T.A. Parr
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Enamel Sample ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Treatment Bias

A major criterion for assessing the value of any experimental model in scientific research is the degree of correspondence between its results and data from the real-life process it is designed to model. Intra-oral models aimed at predicting the anti-caries efficacy of toothpastes or other topical treatments should therefore be calibrated against treatments proven to be effective in a caries clinical trial. For this to be achieved, it is necessary that a model with high sensitivity be designed, while at the same time retaining relevance to the process to be modeled. This means that the effects of the various experimental conditions and parameters of the model on its performance must be understood. The purpose of this paper was to assess the influence of two specific factors on the performance of an in situ enamel remineralization model, which is based on human enamel slabs attached to partial dentures. The two factors are initial lesion severity and origin of enamel sample. The results indicated that initial lesion size affected whether net remineralization or net demineralization occurred during in situ treatment. Samples with an initial range of from 1500 to 2500 (ΔZ) tended more toward demineralization than did samples with ΔZ > 3500. This means that treatment groups must be well-balanced with respect to initial lesion size. Differences in initial demineralization severity between different tooth locations must also be considered so that systematic treatment bias can be avoided. The solution used in the model discussed here is based on a balanced experimental design, which allows this effect to be taken into account in the data analysis.

scholarly journals Analysis of 4G mobile network coverage in UTeM technology campus

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Zahariah Manap ◽  
Anis Suhaila Mohd Zain ◽  
Rahaini Mohd Said ◽  
Shawn Shivaneson Balakirisnan
Keyword(s):  
Open Source Software ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Propagation Loss ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
Received Signal Strength Indicator ◽  
Signal Degradation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Grid Points ◽  
Coverage Profile ◽  
Better Than

<p><span>This paper proposes an analysis of the coverage performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus. The performance of the cellular services is presented as the network’s coverage profile which is based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The area under study is virtually divided into 64 grid points where the average RSSI measurements are captured by using an open source software namely G-Mon. The measured values are mapped into the network coverage profile which represents the signal reception quality at each of the grid points. A statistical analysis called Two-Way ANOVA is performed to investigate the correlation of the performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus with the mobile phone brands and service operators. Based on the analysis, it is found that the signal reception in outdoor areas are better than that of indoor areas. In addition, the analysis shows that the propagation loss and signal degradation are two factors that contribute to the 4G services’ performance in UTeM Technology Campus. </span></p>

Chinese women's autonomy: parenthood as a choice

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
Shelly Volsche ◽  
William Jankowiak
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Chinese Studies ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Set Up ◽  
College Educated

Numerous Chinese studies point out that Chinese youth are transforming the meaning of filial piety, China's highly esteemed moral code used to structure intergenerational relationships. We wanted to understand the extent to which college educated women are redefining what it means to be a filial woman in contemporary Chinese society. To this end, we set up a research design that probed whether men and women continue to think becoming parents is an essential attribute of life satisfaction using a pen-and-paper survey with college students in Shanghai and Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) on Likert-scaled questions resulted in two factors: Customary Ideology and Autonomous Self. As anticipated, students who reported their intent to parent were more likely to agree with items in Customary Ideology, whilst students who reported not intending to have children or were uncertain were more likely to agree with items in Autonomous Self. Most telling, an overwhelming number of respondents from each university reported agreement with the statement, "Having children is a personal choice" (97.6% at Fudan University; 76.4% at Inner Mongolia University). We discuss the implications of these findings as the singleton generations renegotiate expectations of these intergenerational bonds.

Multimodal emotion perception in young and elderly patients with multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Montembeault ◽  
Estefania Brando ◽  
Kim Charest ◽  
Alexandra Tremblay ◽  
Élaine Roger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Emotion Perception ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Facial Emotions ◽  
Multimodal Emotion Recognition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Background. Studies suggest that emotion recognition and empathy are impaired in patients with MS (pwMS). Nonetheless, most studies of emotion recognition have used facial stimuli, are restricted to young samples, and rely self-report assessments of empathy. The aims of this study are to determine the impact of MS and age on multimodal emotion recognition (facial emotions and vocal emotional bursts) and on socioemotional sensitivity (as reported by the participants and their informants). We also aim to investigate the associations between emotion recognition, socioemotional sensitivity, and cognitive measures. Methods. We recruited 13 young healthy controls (HC), 14 young pwMS, 14 elderly HC and 15 elderly pwMS. They underwent a short neuropsychological battery, an experimental emotion recognition task including facial emotions and vocal emotional bursts. Both participants and their study informants completed the Revised-Self Monitoring Scale (RSMS) to assess the participant’s socioemotional sensitivity. Results. There was a significant effect of age and group on recognition of both facial emotions and emotional vocal bursts, HC performing significantly better than pwMS, and young participants performing better than elderly participants (no interaction effect). The same effects were observed on self-reported socioemotional sensitivity. However, lower socioemotional sensitivity in pwMS was not reported by the informants. Finally, multimodal emotion recognition did not correlate with socioemotional sensitivity, but it correlated with global cognitive severity. Conclusion. PwMS present with multimodal emotion perception deficits. Our results extend previous findings of decreased emotion perception and empathy to a group of elderly pwMS, in which advancing age does not accentuate these deficits. However, the decreased socioemotional sensitivity reported by pwMS does not appear to be observed by their relatives, nor to correlate with their emotion perception impairments. Future studies should investigate the real-life impacts of emotion perception deficits in pwMS.

The Lives That Matter

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Anna L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Racial Equality ◽  
Competing Values ◽  
Life Challenges ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
White Supremacists

This chapter examines the moral problems raised by the “campus tour” of white nationalist Richard Spencer. This provides a way to reflect on some of the issues raised in and by moral dilemmas as a strategy within ethical theory, including their helpfulness for addressing real-life challenges. It also shows the power of practice to put familiar moral dilemmas in a new light. In the case of Spencer, and hate speech generally, a practice-focused approach enables us to see beyond the tension between two competing values of racial equality and free speech. That familiar framing leaves out the lived experience of people who are concretely threatened by white supremacists, the actual practices of those supremacists, and the relationships and structures of the society in which both racists and their victims live.

scholarly journals Human decision-making biases in the moral dilemmas of autonomous vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius-Aurel Frank ◽  
Polymeros Chrysochou ◽  
Panagiotis Mitkidis ◽  
Dan Ariely
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Human Decision

Abstract The development of artificial intelligence has led researchers to study the ethical principles that should guide machine behavior. The challenge in building machine morality based on people’s moral decisions, however, is accounting for the biases in human moral decision-making. In seven studies, this paper investigates how people’s personal perspectives and decision-making modes affect their decisions in the moral dilemmas faced by autonomous vehicles. Moreover, it determines the variations in people’s moral decisions that can be attributed to the situational factors of the dilemmas. The reported studies demonstrate that people’s moral decisions, regardless of the presented dilemma, are biased by their decision-making mode and personal perspective. Under intuitive moral decisions, participants shift more towards a deontological doctrine by sacrificing the passenger instead of the pedestrian. In addition, once the personal perspective is made salient participants preserve the lives of that perspective, i.e. the passenger shifts towards sacrificing the pedestrian, and vice versa. These biases in people’s moral decisions underline the social challenge in the design of a universal moral code for autonomous vehicles. We discuss the implications of our findings and provide directions for future research.

scholarly journals A New Higher-Order Iterative Scheme for the Solutions of Nonlinear Systems

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramandeep Behl ◽  
Ioannis K. Argyros
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Banach Space ◽  
Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Iterative Scheme ◽  
Real Life ◽  
System Of Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Lipschitz Constants ◽  
Better Than

Many real-life problems can be reduced to scalar and vectorial nonlinear equations by using mathematical modeling. In this paper, we introduce a new iterative family of the sixth-order for a system of nonlinear equations. In addition, we present analyses of their convergences, as well as the computable radii for the guaranteed convergence of them for Banach space valued operators and error bounds based on the Lipschitz constants. Moreover, we show the applicability of them to some real-life problems, such as kinematic syntheses, Bratu’s, Fisher’s, boundary value, and Hammerstein integral problems. We finally wind up on the ground of achieved numerical experiments, where they perform better than other competing schemes.

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