scholarly journals Diachronic change in Indo-European motion event encoding

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Verkerk
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Comparative Data ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Made In

There are many different syntactic constructions that languages can use to encode motion events. In recent decades, great advances have been made in the description and study of these syntactic constructions from languages spoken around the world (Talmy 1985, 1991, Slobin 1996, 2004). However, relatively little attention has been paid to historical change in these systems (exceptions are Vincent 1999, Dufresne, Dupuis & Tremblay 2003, Kopecka 2006 and Peyraube 2006). In this article, diachronic change of motion event encoding systems in Indo-European is investigated using the available historical–comparative data and phylogenetic comparative methods adopted from evolutionary biology. It is argued that Proto-Indo-European was not satellite-framed, as suggested by Talmy (2007) and Acedo Matellán and Mateu (2008), but had a mixed motion event encoding system, as is suggested by the available historical–comparative data.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Comparative Methods and the Evolution of Multivariate Phenotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean C. Adams ◽  
Michael L. Collyer
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Phenotypic Integration ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Evolutionary Trends ◽  
Phenotype Space ◽  
Multivariate Phenotypes

Evolutionary biology is multivariate, and advances in phylogenetic comparative methods for multivariate phenotypes have surged to accommodate this fact. Evolutionary trends in multivariate phenotypes are derived from distances and directions between species in a multivariate phenotype space. For these patterns to be interpretable, phenotypes should be characterized by traits in commensurate units and scale. Visualizing such trends, as is achieved with phylomorphospaces, should continue to play a prominent role in macroevolutionary analyses. Evaluating phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) models (e.g., phylogenetic analysis of variance and regression) is valuable, but using parametric procedures is limited to only a few phenotypic variables. In contrast, nonparametric, permutation-based PGLS methods provide a flexible alternative and are thus preferred for high-dimensional multivariate phenotypes. Permutation-based methods for evaluating covariation within multivariate phenotypes are also well established and can test evolutionary trends in phenotypic integration. However, comparing evolutionary rates and modes in multivariate phenotypes remains an important area of future development.

scholarly journals Reflections on globalization processes in geopolitical thought since the second half of the 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 10006
Author(s):  
Robert štok ◽  
Irina Kozárová
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Relationship

Research background: Geopolitical thought at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was among the first to accentuate a global dimension of international politics. It stagnated in the context of WWII, however, the adoption of geopolitical approaches in U.S. foreign policy concepts contributed to its revival during the Cold War and its rapid development in the 1990s because of the need to address the changes in the power-political and spatial-political structures of the world. The relationship between geopolitical thought and globalization, however, remains controversial. In academic literature, geopolitics and globalization are perceived either as compatible or as incompatible phenomena. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to outline how geopolitical thought has reflected the development of globalization processes and how it has changed with this development since the 2nd half of the 20th century. Methods: Analytical-synthetic and historical-comparative methods are used for the study of globalization development and content analysis and comparative methods are employed to map the development of geopolitical thought and its reflection of globalization. Findings & Value added: The development, direction and consequences of globalization have been reflected in geopolitical thought mainly since the 1990s. As a result, new trends in geopolitical thought have been established; apart from the changes in the power-spatial and political-spatial structures of the world studied by classical geopolitical thought, they also reflect the relationship between global and local, an acceleration in contradictory processes in the world caused by economic, cultural, demographic, information and other factors of spatial control.

scholarly journals Special care is needed in applying phylogenetic comparative methods to gene trees with speciation and duplication nodes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Begum ◽  
Marc Robinson-Rechavi
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Gene Trees ◽  
Time Calibration ◽  
Branch Lengths

AbstractHow gene function evolves is a central question of evolutionary biology. It can be investigated by comparing functional genomics results between species and between genes. Most comparative studies of functional genomics have used pairwise comparisons. Yet it has been shown that this can provide biased results, since genes, like species, are phylogenetically related. Phylogenetic comparative methods should allow to correct for this, but they depend on strong assumptions, including unbiased tree estimates relative to the hypothesis being tested. Such methods have recently been used to test the “ortholog conjecture”, the hypothesis that functional evolution is faster in paralogs than in orthologs. Whereas pairwise comparisons of tissue specificity (τ) provided support for the ortholog conjecture, phylogenetic independent contrasts did not. Our reanalysis on the same gene trees identified problems with the time calibration of duplication nodes. We find that the gene trees used suffer from important biases, due to the inclusion of trees with no duplication nodes, to the relative age of speciations and duplications, to systematic differences in branch lengths, and to non-Brownian motion of tissue-specificity on many trees. We find that incorrect implementation of phylogenetic method in empirical gene trees with duplications can be problematic. Controlling for biases allows to successfully use phylogenetic methods to study the evolution of gene function, and provides some support for the ortholog conjecture using three different phylogenetic approaches.

scholarly journals Scramble, Scurry and Dash: The Correlation between Motion Event Encoding and Manner Verb Lexicon Size in Indo-European

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Verkerk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Shared History ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Motion Verb ◽  
Verb Lexicon ◽  
Over Time

In recent decades, much has been discovered about the different ways in which people can talk about motion (Talmy, 1985, 1991; Slobin, 1996, 1997, 2004). Slobin (1997) has suggested that satellite-framed languages typically have a larger and more diverse lexicon of manner of motion verbs (such as run, fly, and scramble) when compared to verb-framed languages. Slobin (2004) has claimed that larger manner of motion verb lexicons originate over time because codability factors increase the accessibility of manner in satellite-framed languages. In this paper I investigate the dependency between the use of the satellite-framed encoding construction and the size of the manner verb lexicon. The data used come from 20 Indo-European languages. The methodology applied is a range of phylogenetic comparative methods adopted from biology, which allow for an investigation of this dependency while taking into account the shared history between these 20 languages. The results provide evidence that Slobin’s hypothesis was correct, and indeed there seems to be a relationship between the use of the satellite-framed construction and the size of the manner verb lexicon.

Afterword: The Exchange Order

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Adelstein
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Exchange Governance

The Afterword illustrates the operation of the exchange order by analogy to Braudel’s division of history into three frames and considers how this order might best be studied. Markets, tort, and criminal liability each operate at three levels of depth: a surface level where individual transactions are carried out and change is rapid, a middle level where the forces that determine costs and prices and the patterns of exchange interact and change is slower but discernible, and a deepest level that represents the fundamental commitment of the system to the social function of exchange governance, which changes very slowly, if at all. Nothing in any of these systems is ever in equilibrium, and the optimizing methods of Pigovian economics are not as useful in understanding how they work and change as are the historical, comparative methods of evolutionary biology.

scholarly journals Special Care Is Needed in Applying Phylogenetic Comparative Methods to Gene Trees with Speciation and Duplication Nodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Begum ◽  
Marc Robinson-Rechavi
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Gene Trees ◽  
Time Calibration ◽  
Branch Lengths

Abstract How gene function evolves is a central question of evolutionary biology. It can be investigated by comparing functional genomics results between species and between genes. Most comparative studies of functional genomics have used pairwise comparisons. Yet it has been shown that this can provide biased results, as genes, like species, are phylogenetically related. Phylogenetic comparative methods should be used to correct for this, but they depend on strong assumptions, including unbiased tree estimates relative to the hypothesis being tested. Such methods have recently been used to test the “ortholog conjecture,” the hypothesis that functional evolution is faster in paralogs than in orthologs. Although pairwise comparisons of tissue specificity (τ) provided support for the ortholog conjecture, phylogenetic independent contrasts did not. Our reanalysis on the same gene trees identified problems with the time calibration of duplication nodes. We find that the gene trees used suffer from important biases, due to the inclusion of trees with no duplication nodes, to the relative age of speciations and duplications, to systematic differences in branch lengths, and to non-Brownian motion of tissue specificity on many trees. We find that incorrect implementation of phylogenetic method in empirical gene trees with duplications can be problematic. Controlling for biases allows successful use of phylogenetic methods to study the evolution of gene function and provides some support for the ortholog conjecture using three different phylogenetic approaches.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document