Outdoor recreation experiences at Diamond Lake, Oregon (USA), before, during and after a biological disruption.

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-147
Author(s):  
Mary E. Allen ◽  
Robert C. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Absolute Displacement ◽  
Primary Activity ◽  
Resource Substitution ◽  
Biological Event ◽  
Alternative Location ◽  
Tui Chub

Abstract This chapter examines recreational displacement in response to a unique management and biological event: the introduction of the non-native cyprinid tui chub (Gila bicolor pectinifer) into Diamond Lake. The study demonstrates the behavioural reactions of visitors in response to a management action or a 'controlled' decision to intervene in the impacts of the invasive tui chub. About half of the Diamond Lake visitors who still visit the lake exhibited some temporal and/or spatial displacement behaviours. Visitors at Diamond Lake dealt with the lake's closure by remaining at the lake but participating in another activity (activity substitution) or by moving to an alternative location to continue their primary activity (spatial displacement/resource substitution). More than one-third of all Diamond Lake visitors chose not to recreate during that period (temporal displacement) and 17% changed both their activity and location (absolute displacement).

Outdoor recreation experiences at Diamond Lake, Oregon (USA), before, during and after a biological disruption.

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-147
Author(s):  
Mary E. Allen ◽  
Robert C. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Absolute Displacement ◽  
Primary Activity ◽  
Resource Substitution ◽  
Biological Event ◽  
Alternative Location ◽  
Tui Chub

Abstract This chapter examines recreational displacement in response to a unique management and biological event: the introduction of the non-native cyprinid tui chub (Gila bicolor pectinifer) into Diamond Lake. The study demonstrates the behavioural reactions of visitors in response to a management action or a 'controlled' decision to intervene in the impacts of the invasive tui chub. About half of the Diamond Lake visitors who still visit the lake exhibited some temporal and/or spatial displacement behaviours. Visitors at Diamond Lake dealt with the lake's closure by remaining at the lake but participating in another activity (activity substitution) or by moving to an alternative location to continue their primary activity (spatial displacement/resource substitution). More than one-third of all Diamond Lake visitors chose not to recreate during that period (temporal displacement) and 17% changed both their activity and location (absolute displacement).

Recreation economic values for estimating outdoor recreation economic benefits from the National Forest System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall S. Rosenberger ◽  
Eric M. White ◽  
Jeffrey D. Kline ◽  
Claire Cvitanovich
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Economic Values

Enzyme Promiscuous Activity: How to Define it and its Evolutionary Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-410
Author(s):  
Valentina De Luca ◽  
Luigi Mandrich
Keyword(s):  
Gene Evolution ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Enzyme Promiscuity ◽  
Primary Activity ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Main Activity

: Enzymes are among the most studied biological molecules because better understanding enzymes structure and activity will shed more light on their biological processes and regulation; from a biotechnological point of view there are many examples of enzymes used with the aim to obtain new products and/or to make industrial processes less invasive towards the environment. Enzymes are known for their high specificity in the recognition of a substrate but considering the particular features of an increasing number of enzymes this is not completely true, in fact, many enzymes are active on different substrates: this ability is called enzyme promiscuity. Usually, promiscuous activities have significantly lower kinetic parameters than to that of primary activity, but they have a crucial role in gene evolution. It is accepted that gene duplication followed by sequence divergence is considered a key evolutionary mechanism to generate new enzyme functions. In this way, promiscuous activities are the starting point to increase a secondary activity in the main activity and then get a new enzyme. The primary activity can be lost or reduced to a promiscuous activity. In this review we describe the differences between substrate and enzyme promiscuity, and its rule in gene evolution. From a practical point of view the knowledge of promiscuity can facilitate the in vitro progress of proteins engineering, both for biomedical and industrial applications. In particular, we report cases regarding esterases, phosphotriesterases and cytochrome P450.

Spacetime Geometry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Wittman
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Displacement Vector ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Plane Geometry ◽  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Spacetime Geometry ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Displacement Vectors

This chapter shows that the counterintuitive aspects of special relativity are due to the geometry of spacetime. We begin by showing, in the familiar context of plane geometry, how a metric equation separates frame‐dependent quantities from invariant ones. The components of a displacement vector depend on the coordinate system you choose, but its magnitude (the distance between two points, which is more physically meaningful) is invariant. Similarly, space and time components of a spacetime displacement are frame‐dependent, but the magnitude (proper time) is invariant and more physically meaningful. In plane geometry displacements in both x and y contribute positively to the distance, but in spacetime geometry the spatial displacement contributes negatively to the proper time. This is the source of counterintuitive aspects of special relativity. We develop spacetime intuition by practicing with a graphic stretching‐triangle representation of spacetime displacement vectors.

scholarly journals Effects of a Short-Term Trampling Experiment on Alpine Vegetation in the Tatras, Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2750
Author(s):  
Veronika Piscová ◽  
Michal Ševčík ◽  
Juraj Hreško ◽  
František Petrovič
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Deciduous Shrubs ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Alpine Communities

Over the past decades, outdoor recreation in mountains has become progressively more important and as a result human induced potential damage has increased. Alpine communities are particularly susceptible to human recreational activities, such as tourist trampling. Although there are a number of studies that explicitly assess the effects of trampling on alpine communities, they do not reflect on terrains with a rich topography and the presence of more communities in very small areas. In this study, effects of short-term trampling on some alpine communities in the Tatras, the highest mountains of the Carpathians, were studied experimentally. Vulnerability to disturbance was compared among plant communities in terms of resistance and resilience, which are based on cover measurements. With proximity to trampling intensity, we found a significant decrease in plant cover and abundance of deciduous shrubs, lichens, and mosses. These results demonstrate that human trampling in alpine communities has major negative impacts on lichen and moss abundance and species richness. A short-term trampling experiment required several years of community regeneration. Therefore, management plans should discourage hiking activity off paths and restrict recreational activities.

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