scholarly journals Description of a human direct calorimeter, with a note on the energy cost of clerical work

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan D. Webster ◽  
Gillian Welsh ◽  
J. S. Garrow
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Movement Detector ◽  
Urinary Cortisol ◽  
Clerical Work ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Cortisol Excretion

1. A heat-sink calorimeter, suitable for the measurement of energy expenditure in human subjects over periods up to 26 h, is described.2. The performance of the calorimeter is illustrated by a study of four normal subjects at rest or performing clerical work for a period of 7.5 h. Each condition was measured in duplicate in each subject. On the resting days the subjects were recumbent, and on the working days they were seated throughout the measurement period. Heart rate was monitored by infra-red telemetry and physical activity by an ultrasound movement detector. Urinary cortisol excretion was also measured as an indicator of stress.3. In each subject the mean heat loss on working days was higher than that on resting days: the increase ranged from 5.1 % to 16.7, with a mean value of 10.0% (P = 0.015). There was no significant difference between resting and working days in heart rate, physical activity or urinary cortisol excretion.4. The present study confirms that tiring clerical work has very little effect on 24 h energy expenditure.

URINARY CORTISOL EXCRETION IN STRESS SITUATIONS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME

1966 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. ESPINER
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Surgical Trauma ◽  
Urinary Cortisol ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Cortisol Excretion ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARY Measurements of urinary free cortisol were made in convalescent subjects and in patients with established Cushing's syndrome and the results compared with those in acutely ill patients, in pregnancy and in surgical patients. Cortisol was measured in urine after paper chromatography, each measurement being corrected for losses according to the recovery of added internal standard (tritiated cortisol). In a number of cases, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol excretion was also examined and the results related to plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels and measurements of renal function. The mean 24 hr. urinary cortisol excretion in 13 convalescent subjects was 74μg. (range 35–98 μg./24 hr.) and all showed a well-marked diurnal rhythm. Patients with Cushing's syndrome excreted more than normal amounts of cortisol, even when plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids were in the normal range; there was a marked reversal in the diurnal rhythm of cortisol excretion. In 13 acutely ill medical patients with pyrexia, four only showed unequivocal increases in cortisol excretion although there was frequently an upset in the diurnal rhythm. The duration of the illness, rather than the severity, appeared to be an important factor so far as the response of the adrenals was concerned. A consistent increase in cortisol excretion was found in pregnancy but there was no significant difference between the day and night excretion of cortisol. The response to the stress of surgical trauma was largely dependent upon the severity of the operative procedure. The importance of emotional stress immediately before operation was shown in 4 out of 14 patients.

URINARY EXCRETION OF FREE CORTISOL IN HYPERCALCAEMIA

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Schønau Jorgensen ◽  
H. Kehlet
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Urinary Cortisol ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Free Urinary Cortisol ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Cortisol Excretion

ABSTRACT Human and animal studies have uniformly demonstrated increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity during acute hypercalcaemia. The HPA-activity during chronic hypercalcaemia was investigated by means of free urinary cortisol excretion. No difference in HPA activity could be demonstrated between a hyperparathyroid hypercalcaemic and a normocalcaemic group of patients. Based on these results it is suggested that during chronic hypercalcaemia, the HPA feed back mechanism overcomes the influence of hypercalcaemia on the HPA-axis.

Energy Expenditure in Playground Games in Primary School Children Measured by Accelerometer and Heart Rate Monitors

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Cañete García-Prieto ◽  
Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino ◽  
Antonio García-Hermoso ◽  
Mairena Sánchez-López ◽  
Natalia Arias-Palencia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
School Children ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors

The aim of this study was to examine the energy expenditure (EE) measured using indirect calorimetry (IC) during playground games and to assess the validity of heart rate (HR) and accelerometry counts as indirect indicators of EE in children´s physical activity games. 32 primary school children (9.9 ± 0.6 years old, 19.8 ± 4.9 kg · m-2 BMI and 37.6 ± 7.2 ml · kg-1 · min-1 VO2max). Indirect calorimetry (IC), accelerometry and HR data were simultaneously collected for each child during a 90 min session of 30 playground games. Thirty-eight sessions were recorded in 32 different children. Each game was recorded at least in three occasions in other three children. The intersubject coefficient of variation within a game was 27% for IC, 37% for accelerometry and 13% for HR. The overall mean EE in the games was 4.2 ± 1.4 kcals · min-1 per game, totaling to 375 ± 122 kcals/per 90 min/session. The correlation coefficient between indirect calorimetry and accelerometer counts was 0.48 (p = .026) for endurance games and 0.21 (p = .574) for strength games. The correlation coefficient between indirect calorimetry and HR was 0.71 (p = .032) for endurance games and 0.48 (p = .026) for strength games. Our data indicate that both accelerometer and HR monitors are useful devices for estimating EE during endurance games, but only HR monitors estimates are accurate for endurance games.

scholarly journals Habitual meal frequency in relation to resting and activity-induced energy expenditure in human subjects: the role of fat-free mass

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga ◽  
Annelies H. C. Goris ◽  
Erwin P. Meijer ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Younger Men

Habitual meal frequency was assessed as a possible function of components of energy expenditure (EE) in human subjects. Fifty-six subjects participated (four categories differing in body composition): ten older women (fat-free mass (FFM) 42·0 (sd 6·3) kg, aged 59 (sd 2) years, BMI 27·5 (sd 6·9) kg/m2), fifteen younger women (FFM 45·5 (sd 5·2) kg, aged 34 (sd 10) years, BMI 21·9 (sd 2·3) kg/m2), twelve older men (FFM 56·8 (sd 5·9) kg, aged 62 (sd 4) years, BMI 25·7 (sd 3·3) kg/m2) and nineteen younger men (FFM 63·9 (sd 7·5) kg, aged 23·1 (sd 3·9) years, BMI 22·9 (sd 1·8) kg/m2). Measurements consisted of habitual meal frequency by validated food-intake diaries, physical activity by tri-axial accelerometers and resting EE by a ventilated hood system. Habitual meal frequency was expressed as a function of resting EE (including resting EE as a function of FFM), and of activity-induced EE, using regression analysis. FFM differed according to gender and age categories (P < 0·01). Physical activity level was higher in the younger men than in the other categories (P < 0·05). No relationship of meal frequency with the variables assessed was observed in subjects with a low FFM (the women). In the subjects with a medium FFM (the older men), meal frequency was positively related to resting EE (r2 0·4, P < 0·05), but not to the residuals of resting EE as a function of FFM, and inversely related to activity-induced EE (r2 0·3, P < 0·05). Resting EE explained 40% of the variation in meal frequency; adding activity-induced EE increased this to 60%. In the subjects with a high FFM (the younger men), meal frequency was inversely related to resting EE (r2 0·8, P < 0·0001) and to the residuals of resting EE as a function of FFM (P = 0·03), and positively related to activity-induced EE (r2 0·6, P < 0·0001). Resting EE explained 85% of the variation in meal frequency; adding activity-induced EE increased this to 89%. Habitual meal frequency was a function of components of EE, namely resting EE and activity-induced EE, only in subjects with a medium to high FFM (men). FFM-related differences in these relationships suggest a role of physical activity.

The Influence of Physical Activity on Arterial Pressure during Ambulatory Recordings in Man

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Rowlands ◽  
T. J. Stallard ◽  
R. D. S. Watson ◽  
W. A. Littler
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hypotensive Therapy

1. Ambulatory blood pressure recordings were made over a 48 h period on six hypertensive patients. The conditions of study were standardized, particularly with regard to physical activity, and during one period of each day the patients were randomly allocated to be active or inactive. 2. Results show that blood pressure was highest during physical activity and lowest during sleep. There was no significant difference between the arterial pressures measured during the same physical activities carried out at the same time each day. However, during the same time on consecutive days when activity was randomized, there was a significant difference between the pressure recordings during physical activity compared with those during inactivity. Heart rate changes showed a similar trend during the randomized period. 3. Physical activity and sleep have a profound effect on continuous arterial blood pressure recordings and these are independent of time alone. These observations should be taken into account when using this ambulatory system to assess hypotensive therapy.

Clinical evaluation of the liquid-chromatographic determination of urinary free cortisol.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Nakamura ◽  
M Yakata
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Urinary Free Cortisol ◽  
Urinary Cortisol ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract We recently reported (Clin. Chem. 28: 1497-1500, 1982) a liquid-chromatographic method for quantifying free cortisol in urine. We have since evaluated the clinical utility of our method by assaying cortisol in urine from normal subjects, patients, and subjects undergoing endocrine tests. We found that, in contrast with plasma cortisol, urinary cortisol is not bound to protein. It shows some correlation with 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in urine, but is independent of creatinine excretion. The amount of cortisol excreted daily by a particular individual was found to be fairly constant during nine or 10 days. Normal values determined for 203 apparently healthy individuals were 35.8 (SD 18.7) micrograms/day, with no significant sex-related differences but a tendency for a gradual decrease of cortisol excretion with age. We also report urinary cortisol excretion by patients with pituitary-adrenal disorders and some other diseases, and the pattern of response to dexamethasone and metyrapone administration.

scholarly journals Comparison of total and activity energy expenditure estimates from physical activity questionnaires and doubly labelled water: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sharifzadeh ◽  
Minoo Bagheri ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Kurosh Djafarian
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Activity Questionnaires ◽  
Activity Energy

Abstract Physical activity questionnaires (PAQ) could be suitable tools in free-living people for measures of physical activity, total and activity energy expenditure (TEE and AEE). This meta-analysis was performed to determine valid PAQ for estimating TEE and AEE using doubly labelled water (DLW). We identified data from relevant studies by searching Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases. This revealed thirty-eight studies that had validated PAQ with DLW and reported the mean differences between PAQ and DLW measures of TEE (TEEDLW − TEEPAQ) and AEE (AEEDLW − AEEPAQ). We assessed seventy-eight PAQ consisting of fifty-nine PAQ that assessed TEE and thirty-five PAQ that examined AEE. There was no significant difference between TEEPAQ and TEEDLW with a weighted mean difference of –243·3 and a range of –841·4 to 354·6 kJ/d, and a significant weighted mean difference of AEEDLW – AEE PAQ 414·6 and a range of 78·7–750·5. To determine whether any PAQ was a valid tool for estimating TEE and AEE, we carried out a subgroup analysis by type of PAQ. Only Active-Q, administered in two seasons, and 3-d PA diaries were correlated with TEE by DLW at the population level; however, these two PAQ did not demonstrate an acceptable limit of agreement at individual level. For AEE, no PAQ was correlated with DLW either at the population or at the individual levels. Active-Q and 3-d PA diaries were identified as the only valid PAQ for TEE estimation. Further well-designed studies are needed to verify this result and identify additional valid PAQ.

Energy Expenditure Estimate by Heart-Rate Monitor and a Portable Electromagnetic-Coil System

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Gastinger ◽  
Guillaume Nicolas ◽  
Anthony Sorel ◽  
Hamid Sefati ◽  
Jacques Prioux
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Electromagnetic Coil ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Coil System ◽  
Electromagnetic Coils ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this article was to compare 2 portable devices (a heart-rate monitor and an electromagnetic-coil system) that evaluate 2 different physiological parameters—heart rate (HR) and ventilation (VE)—with the objective of estimating energy expenditure (EE). The authors set out to prove that VE is a more pertinent setting than HR to estimate EE during light to moderate activities (sitting and standing at rest and walking at 4, 5, and 6 km/hr). Eleven healthy men were recruited to take part in this study (27.6 ± 5.4 yr, 73.7 ± 9.7 kg). The authors determined the relationships between HR and EE and between VE and EE during light to moderate activities. They compared EE measured by indirect calorimetry (EEREF) with EE estimated by HR monitor (EEHR) and EE estimated by electromagnetic coils (EEMAG) in upright sitting and standing positions and during walking exercises. They compared EEREF with EEHR and EEMAG. The results showed no significant difference between the values of EEREF and EEMAG. However, they showed several significant differences between the values of EEREF and EEHR (for standing at rest and walking at 5 and 6 km/hr). These results showed that the electromagnetic-coil system seems to be more accurate than the HR monitor to estimate EE at rest and during exercise. Taking into consideration these results, it would be interesting to associate the parameters VE and HR to estimate EE. Furthermore, a new version of the electromagnetic-coil device was recently developed and provides the possibility to perform measurement under daily life conditions.

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