scholarly journals Flow of nitrogen from the rumen and abomasum in cattle and sheep given protein-free nutrients by intragastric infusion

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskow ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
D. J. Kyle
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

1. Three experiments were conducted to determine the flow of nitrogen through the rumen and abomasum when cows, steers and lambs were totally nourished on volatile fatty acids infused into the rumen.2. In two dairy cows (650–700 kg) and two large steers (370–405 kg) the daily flow of non-ammonia-N (NAN) from the rumen was 50.7 and 58 mg/kg live weight (W)0.75respectively.3. The flows of NAN through the rumen and abomasum in four young steers (240 315 kg) were 85.0 (SE 21.0) and 195 (SE 7.0) mg/kg W0.75respectively.4. In the third experiment the effects of altering rumen pH and osmotic pressure on flow of NAN through the rumen and abomasum were investigated in lambs. While rumen pH and osmotic pressure influenced rumen volume and outflow they had no significant effect on NAN flow. The mean values for NAN outflow from the rumen and abomasum were 76 and 181 mg N/kg W0.75respectively.5. Abomasal NAN flow increased with increasing abomasal pH. When osmotic pressure was greater than about 330 mosmol/l in the rumen there was a net inflow of water, while below this value there was net loss of water.6. For all experiments the flow of N both from the rumen and abomasum was highly variable; this has to be considered if a constant value is used for endogenous N in estimating dietary N in the abomasum.7. With N-free infusion the rumen NHaconcentration varied from 50 to 120 mg NHa-N/I.8. The amino acid composition of rumen and abomasal N was also determined. Relative to tissue Nit contained a higher proportion of cysteine.

scholarly journals Intragastric infusion of nutrients in cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
W. Corrigall ◽  
R. A. Stirton ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Peristaltic Pump ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Blood Metabolite

1. A method of continuous alimentation of cattle by total infusion of nutrients has been developed. Friesian steers within the weight range 100–400 kg live weight and dairy cows were used.2. A multi-channel peristaltic pump was used to infuse solutions of volatile fatty acids (VFA), minerals, and buffer through a cannula in the rumen and a case in–vitamin solution into the abomasum.3. The method described was successfully used with two cows and four steers in a series of trials over intervals of approximately 2 months. The levels of infusion were up to twice maintenance and with various relative proportions of VFA and protein. Blood metabolite levels, rumen osmotic pressure and pH were monitored and effectively controlled.

scholarly journals Utilization of volatile fatty acids and glucose for protein deposition in lambs

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Eskelandt ◽  
W. H. Pfander ◽  
R. L. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Butyrate Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Infusion

1. Glucose, and acetic, propionic and butyric acids, the major energy sources available to ruminants, have been comparatively evaluated as energy sources for growth in lambs. The energy sources were administered intravenously at 2·092 and 2·510 MJ metabolizable energy per 24 h for periods of 9–12 d. Nitrogen was given in excess of requirement so that growth rate was limited by energy, as indicated by the increased N retention after intravenous administration of energy.2. The N-balance results from the trials showed that propionic acid promoted a significantly (P < 0·01) higher N retention than acetic acid. In some of the experiments there were no significant differences between propionic and butyric acids, and in others, no significant differences between acetic and butyric acids. Compared with isoenergetic glucose infusion, all volatile fatty acids were less efficiently utilized than glucose. The mean values for N balance (g/d) were 2·31 during control infusion, 6·53, 5·71, 5·48 and 4·59 during glucose, propionate, butyrate and acetate infusions, respectively.3. All energy sources reduced the faecal N excretion significantly. The greatest reduction was observed during butyrate treatment. The mean values for faecal N excretion (g/d) were 4·24 for control, 4·00 for acetate, 3·89 for propionate, 3·83 for glucose, and 3·76 for butyrate infusion. The reduced faecal N excretion after butyrate infusion partly accounts for the increased N retention with that treatment.

The effect of pH on the relative proportions of ruminal volatile fatty acids in sheep sustained by intragastric infusions

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Macleod ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
T. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Total Concentrations

SUMMARYRumen pH was varied and controlled over the range 5·2–7·1 by manipulating the infusions of buffer solution to the rumen and by using an automated system of recording pH. The total concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen were not altered by changes in pH but there were changes in the relative proportions of VFA. As the pH of rumen liquor fell, the proportion of acetic acid increased, and the proportions of propionic and butyric acids decreased relative to their respective proportions in the infusate. At rumen pH of about 7·2 the molar proportions found were similar to the molar proportions infused while at pH 5·3 the molar proportion for acetic acid in the rumen was 100 mmol/mol higher than in the infusate. There was no apparent relationship between osmotic pressure and differences between VFA proportions in the infusates and in the rumen liquor.

scholarly journals Dose Response of Dairy Cows to Ammonium Salts of Volatile Fatty Acids

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 2168-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Otterby ◽  
D.G. Johnson ◽  
R. Towns ◽  
R.M. Cook ◽  
R.A. Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonium Salts

scholarly journals Effect of time of supplementary feeding on intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation of grass hay by sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
A. R. Mantecón ◽  
I. A. Wright ◽  
I. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Male Sheep

AbstractEffects of time of supplementation on forage intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation were studied with 12 mature castrated male sheep (wethers) offered grass hay from 16.30 h to 09.30 h and supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate given at either 09.30 or 16.00 h. Voluntary intake of hay organic matter (OM) was decreased by feeding the concentrate (P< 0·01). Offering concentrate at 09.30 h after hay was available, increased intake of hay and total OM compared with offering it at 16.00 h before hay was available (P< 0·05). Daily pattern of hay intake was not changed when concentrate was offered at 09.30 h compared with feeding hay alone, but concentrate given at 16.00 h resulted in a lower hay intake between 16.30 and 18.00 h. Sheep offered concentrate at 09.30 h had higher rumen ammonia levels than those offered concentrate at 16.00 h, but there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, rumen pH and molar proportions of the main volatile fatty acids. There were also no differences between groups in the blood plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate (30HB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. It is concluded that feeding supplement after rather than before a period of intake of forage or a bout of grazing may offer a means of minimizing reduction of forage intake as a consequence of feeding concentrate.

Intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniimodulated rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qendrim Zebeli ◽  
Sarah J Terrill ◽  
Alberto Mazzolari ◽  
Suzanna M Dunn ◽  
Wen Z Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Fermentation Profile

This study evaluated the effects of intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniion ruminal fermentation patterns, the profile of plasma metabolites, and milk yield and composition of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight primiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were arranged in a paired 2×2 crossover design. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) intraruminal inoculation of 35 ml suspension per day ofM. elsdeniiATCC 25940 (MEGA), containing 108cfu/ml of bacteria, dissolved in 35 ml of saline (0·15m), or 2) carrier alone (35 ml saline; CTR). Both postprandial and preprandial rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and plasma metabolite measurements were analysed. Postprandial VFA patterns were affected the most, with butyrate (P<0·01) and valerate (P<0·01) proportions increasing, and acetate (P<0·01), isobutyrate (P=0·05) and isovalerate (P<0·01) decreasing in MEGA cows. Preprandial data measured at various days showed that MEGA dosage tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate (P=0·09) and lower the acetate to propionate ratio (P=0·07) in the rumen fluid. There was no effect of treatment on rumen pH and on the concentration of lactate in the rumen as well as on selected preprandial plasma metabolites. Postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol tended to increase (P=0·07) in MEGA cows compared with CTR. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma were lower in MEGA cows after the morning feeding (P<0·01). Sampling hour also affected plasma NEFA in this study. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were not affected by the treatment (P>0·05); however, after the morning feeding BHBA concentration was increased in both groups of cows. Dry matter intake and milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, results indicate thatM. elsdeniihas the potential to modulate the rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation Holstein cows, but these effects were only slightly reflected in changes in plasma metabolites and milk composition.

BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SPATIAL NOVELTY IN DAIRY COWS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KONDO ◽  
J. F. HURNIK
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Norepinephrine Concentration ◽  
Spatial Novelty ◽  
The Mean

Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows were used in a study of excitability and agonistic behavior of dairy cattle. When cattle were moved from a familiar stall to an unfamiliar place, heart rate immediately increased on average from 83.2 to 107.8 (P < 0.01). The total distance of head movement in a novel environment varied considerably. The animal with the greatest head movement had a distance 6.6 times larger than the cow with the least head movement. Significant deviation from the mean values of agonistic interactions were found for 28 cows: of these 10 showed tendencies for physical attacks (P < 0.05), 5 for threats (P < 0.05), 6 for displacement of physical attacks (P < 0.05), and 7 showed significant tendencies for avoidance when threatened (P < 0.05). Both the instigator and victim cows that showed a higher proportion of the psychological form of agonistic behavior also tended to show a larger amount of head movement with less variation, lower increase in heart rate, and less change in norepinephrine concentration due to transfer. The results indicate that analyses of head movement patterns may be used for an assessment of excitability of cows. Key words: Cow, behavior, spatial novelty, head movement, excitability, temperament

Effect of diet on individual volatile fatty acids in the rumen of sheep, with particular reference to the effect of low rumen pH and adaptation on high-starch diets

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid ◽  
JP Hogan ◽  
PK Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Effects Of Ph

Detailed data are presented on changes in the proportions of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in the rumen after feeding on various diets. Pre-feeding proportions were constant on each diet but varied from a mixture of 72-76 per cent. acetic, 14-16 per cent. propionic, and 10-12 per cent. butyric acid on all-roughage diets to one of 63-65 per cent. acetic, 18-20 per cent. propionic, and 16-18 per cent. butyric acid on a diet containing 70 per cent. wheat grain. On all diets the proportion of propionic acid increased after feeding and reached a peak which coincided with the maximum level of total volatile fatty acids. The response of butyric acid was variable, low levels being recorded on a diet of lucerne chaff and on one containing a high proportion of cracked maize. The proportion of acetic acid always declined after feeding. These responses were modified in experiments on rations containing high proportions of wheaten starch, in which rumen pH fell below 5.0 as a result of lactic acid accumulation. When animals were first fed on such diets, a decline in rumen pH below 5.0-5.5 after feeding was always associated with a pronounced decline in the proportions of propionic and butyric acids, to levels as low as 8 and 5 per cent. respectively. Continued feeding of such diets did not affect the response of butyric acid, but there was evidence of a change in propionic acid production in response to low pH conditions, both in respect to short-term change during experiments in which low rumen pH levels were maintained for considerable periods and to long-term change when such diets were fed intermittently over considerable periods. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the effects of pH on individual volatile fatty acid production in the rumen, and on the qualitative nature of the microbial population and on their metabolic patterns.

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