Least Square Analysis of Variance for the Assessment of Natural Consequences for Birth Weight, Weaning Weight, Yearling Weight, Pre-weaning Daily Weight Acquire, and Greasy Fleece Weight of Kajli Sheep in Pakistan

The current study was completed to analyze the effect of natural components on various improvement affecting traits of Kajli sheep in Pakistan. For this reason, we apply two huge contemporary datasets in sheep to explore factors that influence the traits. Therefore, the generation information record of 13715 Kajli sheep lambing accumulated from 1994 to 2010 at Livestock Experimental Stations Khushab and Khizarabad, Punjab. Information records were genuinely analyzed through utilizing PC modified Mixed Model Harvey’s Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood. The two farms information data was analyzed by utilizing an animal model program. The factual model was incorporated to evaluate the Birth Weight (BW), 120 days at Weaning Weight (WW), Pre-Weaning Average Daily Gain (PRADG), Yearling Weight (YW) and Greasy Fleece Weight (GFW). Year of Birth (YOB), Birth Season (BS), Birth Types (BT) and sex was the fix effect in the model. Results indicated that, the overall general values for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, pre-weaning weight and fleece weight were noted. Year of birth, type of birth, sex, and herd was influenced altogether significantly while, birth weight and greasy fleece weight, the period of birth showed no essential difference. In weaning weight and pre-weaning increment normally, year of birth, sort of birth and herd showed a critical contact except for sex. Male sheep were heavier than female sheep and single conceived sheep were also basically heavier than twins were during offspring birth. Results emulate that the Kajli sheep breed can be improved on through selection and further developed management. The cascade type of influence of the current investigation has levelheaded ramification not just for sheep farming by and by just as for intensified associate of boundaries which definitely convince deviation of weight, weight has become itself essential forecaster of in a matter of seconds wellness results. These outcomes displayed there are complex associations among hereditary qualities and ecological elements of parental, placental and fetal beginning. These are profoundly affected traits by maternal sustenance, genes, be concerned, the executive, environment, occasional diversity of seasons.

Adipose Tissue- and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Sheep: Culture Characteristics

The current study demonstrates the culture characteristics of adipose tissue and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The study evaluates the effect of ambient temperature, physiological status of the donor and the tissue source on sheep (Ovis aries) mesenchymal stem cells. The tissue samples were harvested from full term pregnant female sheep (n = 9) and male sheep (n = 10). Adipose tissue was harvested from n = 9 sheep and bone marrow from n = 10 sheep. The samples (adipose tissue, n = 2; bone marrow, n = 3) transported at cold ambient temperature (<10 °C) failed to yield MSCs while those (n = 14) at higher (>20 °C) ambient temperature successfully yielded MSCs. Bone marrow mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction was higher than the adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF), but the percent adherent cells (PAC) was higher in the later cell fraction. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs from the full term female sheep had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher proliferation potential as compared to those of the male sheep-derived MSCs. Female sheep MSCs also had rapid differentiation potential. The cryopreserved MSCs had morphological features comparable to that of the fresh cells. In conclusion, the tissue type and physiological status of donor animal may affect MSCs’ characteristics and should be taken into consideration while applying in clinical settings.

Grass and Legume Hays for Sheep: Intake, in vivo Digestibility, and in situ Degradability

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient intake, in vivo digestibility, and in situ degradability of different cultivars of hay (i.e., [Jiggs] and [Tifton-85] bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) and [alfalfa] (Medicago sativa) and [stylo] Campo Grande (Stylosanthes sp.)) and nitrogen balance in sheep. We used eight rumen-cannulated F1 Santa Ines × Dorper castrated male sheep with body weights of 35.0 kg in a double 4 × 4 Latin Square experimental design. The intake and total apparent digestibility of nutrients were higher (P<0.05) for alfalfa than for stylo hay. The in vivo dry matter (DM) digestibility of Jiggs (47.6%), Tifton-85 (53.4%), stylo (29.3%), and alfalfa (53.2%) hays and in situ DM degradability were equivalent in the range of 7.6 to 63.2 h of degradation. The in vivo neutral detergent fiber (NDFap) digestibility of Jiggs (53.7%), Tifton-85 (64.4%), stylo (42.2%), alfalfa (56.2%), and in situ NDFap degradability were equivalent from 37.3 h. Nitrogen balance was negative only in animals fed stylo hay. Alfalfa hay provides a higher nutrient intake than other hays. The alfalfa and bermuda grass hays used in sheep diets presented better digestibility than stylo hay. The results are suitable to predict in vivo digestibility from in situ degradability parameters.

Analysis of factors affecting pre-weaning and post-weaning daily gains in Nigerian breeds of sheep

Sheep play significant role in the socio-economic life of the large human population. Improving the productivity of sheep through selection and breeding would require understanding of their growth characteristics. This study was conducted to assess the pre- and post-weaning daily weight gains (ADG) of four Nigerian sheep breeds and some non- genetic factors affecting them. Pre- and post-ADG were measured in 33, 34, 43 and 47 lambs of Balami, Uda, WAD and Yankasa ewes respectively, and analyzed to determine the effect of breed, sex, year, season, parity, and birth type. At the pre-weaning stage, Balami and Uda had similar gains (91.89g vs. 92.44g) which were higher than that of Yankasa (74.22g) which was in turn higher than that of WAD (62.44g). During the post weaning stage, Balami gained most (77.19g), followed by Uda (71.12g), and Yankasa (59.37g) while WAD still maintained the lowest rate of gain (55.15g). Male sheep had higher ADG than females, 100.7g vs. 87.8g at pre-; and 65.67 vs. 58.15g at post weaning. However, sex within breed analysis revealed non- significant influence of sex in all breeds except WAD at pre-weaning stage but males maintained better (p<0.01) rates of gain post-weaning. Pre-ADG decreased with increased litter size. Lambs born at first parity gained more (85.00g) than subsequent parity lambs. Season and year had no significant effect on both pre- and post-weaning gains. It is concluded that breed, sex, birth type and parity influenced average daily gain in sheep. Les moutons jouent un rôle important dans la vie socio-économique de la population humaine. Pour améliorer la productivité des moutons grâce à la sélection et à l'élevage, il faudrait comprendre leurs caractéristiques de croissance. Cette étude a été menée pour évaluer les gains de poids quotidiens avant et après le sevrage (le 'ADG') de quatre races de moutons nigérians et certains facteurs non génétiques qui les affectent. Le Pré- et le post- 'ADG' ont été mesurés dans 33, 34, 43 et 47 agneaux de Balami, Uda, WAD et Yankasa brebis respectivement, et analysés pour déterminer l'effet de la race, sexe, année, saison, parité, et le type de naissance. Au stage de pré-sevrage, Balami et Uda ont connu des gains similaires (91.89 g contre 92.44 g) supérieurs à ceux de Yankasa (74.22 g), ce qui est à son tour supérieur à celui de WAD (62.44 g). Au cours de l'étape post-sevrage, Balami a gagné le plus (77.19 g), suivi par Uda (71.12 g) et Yankasa (59.37 g) tandis que WAD a maintenu le taux de gain le plus bas (55.15 g). Les moutons mâles avaient un ADG plus élevé que les femelles, 100.7 g contre 87.8 g à l'avant; et 65.67 contre 58.15 g au sevrage après le sevrage. Cependant, le sexe dans l'analyse de race a indiqué l'influence non significative du sexe dans toutes les races excepté WAD au stade de pré-sevrage mais les mâles ont maintenu de meilleurs taux (p<0.01) de gain après le sevrage. Le pré-ADG a diminué avec l'augmentation de la taille des portées. Les agneaux nés à la première parité ont gagné plus (85.00 g) que les agneaux parité subséquents. La saison et l'année n'ont eu aucun effet significatif sur les gains avant et après le sevrage. On conclut que la race, le sexe, le type de naissance et la parité influençait le gain quotidien moyen chez les moutons.

Evidence That Agouti-Related Peptide May Directly Regulate Kisspeptin Neurons in Male Sheep

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, which relay information from peripheral metabolic signals, may constitute a key central regulator of reproduction. Given that AgRP inhibits luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and that nutritional suppression of LH elicits an increase in AgRP while suppressing kisspeptin expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, we sought to examine the degree to which AgRP could directly regulate ARC kisspeptin neurons. Hypothalamic tissue was collected from four castrated male sheep (10 months of age) and processed for the detection of protein (AgRP input to kisspeptin neurons) using immunohistochemistry and mRNA for melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors (MC3R; MC4R) in kisspeptin neurons using RNAscope. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the majority of ARC kisspeptin neurons are contacted by presumptive AgRP terminals. RNAscope analysis revealed that nearly two thirds of the ARC kisspeptin neurons express mRNA for MC3R, while a small percentage (<10%) colocalize MC4R. Taken together, this data provides neuroanatomical evidence for a direct link between orexigenic AgRP neurons and reproductively critical kisspeptin neurons in the sheep, and builds upon our current understanding of the central link between energy balance and reproduction.

CAUSES OF MORTALITY OF SHEEP IN IBADAN, NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF SHEEP AND GOAT UNIT OF IBADAN DAIRY FARM

This study was carried out in an attempt to determine the causes of mortality in sheep in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. The result showed the most common causes of mortality were pneumonia (19.5%), diarrhoea (18.5%) lielminthiasis (17.0%), starvation (9.5%) and Animals enterotoxaemia (8.7%). 65.7% of all the 811 deaths recorded occurred during the first six months of life indicating that lambs were more susceptible to infections than adult sheep deaths occurred among the females than male sheep. Most deaths occurred during the dry. season months of December to February. It seemed that the constraint on sheep productivity imposed by disease can be greatly ameliorated by a combination of improvement of dry season feeding and the prevention of the three major diseases that were together responsible for 55% of all deaths.