scholarly journals Utilization of volatile fatty acids and glucose for protein deposition in lambs

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Eskelandt ◽  
W. H. Pfander ◽  
R. L. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Butyrate Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Infusion

1. Glucose, and acetic, propionic and butyric acids, the major energy sources available to ruminants, have been comparatively evaluated as energy sources for growth in lambs. The energy sources were administered intravenously at 2·092 and 2·510 MJ metabolizable energy per 24 h for periods of 9–12 d. Nitrogen was given in excess of requirement so that growth rate was limited by energy, as indicated by the increased N retention after intravenous administration of energy.2. The N-balance results from the trials showed that propionic acid promoted a significantly (P < 0·01) higher N retention than acetic acid. In some of the experiments there were no significant differences between propionic and butyric acids, and in others, no significant differences between acetic and butyric acids. Compared with isoenergetic glucose infusion, all volatile fatty acids were less efficiently utilized than glucose. The mean values for N balance (g/d) were 2·31 during control infusion, 6·53, 5·71, 5·48 and 4·59 during glucose, propionate, butyrate and acetate infusions, respectively.3. All energy sources reduced the faecal N excretion significantly. The greatest reduction was observed during butyrate treatment. The mean values for faecal N excretion (g/d) were 4·24 for control, 4·00 for acetate, 3·89 for propionate, 3·83 for glucose, and 3·76 for butyrate infusion. The reduced faecal N excretion after butyrate infusion partly accounts for the increased N retention with that treatment.

scholarly journals Flow of nitrogen from the rumen and abomasum in cattle and sheep given protein-free nutrients by intragastric infusion

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskow ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
D. J. Kyle
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

1. Three experiments were conducted to determine the flow of nitrogen through the rumen and abomasum when cows, steers and lambs were totally nourished on volatile fatty acids infused into the rumen.2. In two dairy cows (650–700 kg) and two large steers (370–405 kg) the daily flow of non-ammonia-N (NAN) from the rumen was 50.7 and 58 mg/kg live weight (W)0.75respectively.3. The flows of NAN through the rumen and abomasum in four young steers (240 315 kg) were 85.0 (SE 21.0) and 195 (SE 7.0) mg/kg W0.75respectively.4. In the third experiment the effects of altering rumen pH and osmotic pressure on flow of NAN through the rumen and abomasum were investigated in lambs. While rumen pH and osmotic pressure influenced rumen volume and outflow they had no significant effect on NAN flow. The mean values for NAN outflow from the rumen and abomasum were 76 and 181 mg N/kg W0.75respectively.5. Abomasal NAN flow increased with increasing abomasal pH. When osmotic pressure was greater than about 330 mosmol/l in the rumen there was a net inflow of water, while below this value there was net loss of water.6. For all experiments the flow of N both from the rumen and abomasum was highly variable; this has to be considered if a constant value is used for endogenous N in estimating dietary N in the abomasum.7. With N-free infusion the rumen NHaconcentration varied from 50 to 120 mg NHa-N/I.8. The amino acid composition of rumen and abomasal N was also determined. Relative to tissue Nit contained a higher proportion of cysteine.

The production and absorption of volatile fatty acids from the rumen of the sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Experiments are reported in which sheep were given roughage diets or a high concentrate diet and the VFA absorbed from the rumen were estimated by an in vitro fermentation procedure. The VFA absorbed were compared with the digestible and metabolizable energy intakes of the sheep, determined in digestibility trials, for each diet. For a lucerne diet, a straw diet, and the high concentrate diet the proportions of the digested energy absorbed as VFA were 33.6, 42.4, and 33.2% respectively. On the lucerne diet, the difference between the mean molar proportions of the VFA absorbed and the mean molar proportions of the VFA in the rumen approached significance for acetic acid (P < 0.10) and was highly significant for butyric acid (P < 0.01). The differences were not significant for the other diets.

scholarly journals Butyrate Permeation across the Isolated Ovine Reticulum Epithelium

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2198
Author(s):  
Reiko Rackwitz ◽  
Franziska Dengler ◽  
Gotthold Gäbel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporters ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
The Mean

We hypothesized that, due to the high pH of this compartment, the reticulum epithelium displays particular features in the transport of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Ovine reticulum epithelium was incubated in Ussing chambers using a bicarbonate-free buffer solution containing butyrate (20 mmol L−1). p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid (pHMB), 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), or ouabain were added to the buffer solution as inhibitors of monocarboxylate transporters, sodium-proton-exchangers, or the Na+/K+-ATPase, respectively. The short-circuit current (Isc) and transepithelial conductance (Gt) were monitored continuously while the flux rates of 14C-labelled butyrate were measured in the mucosal-to-serosal (Jmsbut) or serosal-to-mucosal direction (Jsmbut). Under control conditions, the mean values of Isc and Gt amounted to 2.54 ± 0.46 µEq cm−2 h−1 and 6.02 ± 3.3 mS cm−2, respectively. Jmsbut was 2.1 ± 1.01 µmol cm−2 h−1 on average and about twice as high as Jsmbut. Incubation with ouabain reduced Jmsbut, while Jsmbut was not affected. The serosal addition of EIPA did not affect Jmsbut but reduced Jsmbut by about 10%. The addition of pHMB to the mucosal or serosal solution reduced Jmsbut but had no effect on Jsmbut. Mucosally applied pHMB provoked a transient increase in the Isc. The serosal pHMB sharply reduced Isc. Our results demonstrate that butyrate can be effectively transported across the reticulum epithelium. The mechanisms involved in this absorption differ from those known from the rumen epithelium.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

scholarly journals The effect of changes in the amount of energy infused as volatile fatty acids on the nitrogen retention and creatinine excretion of lambs wholly nourished by intragastric infusion

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Energy Maintenance

1. The nitrogen balance and creatinine excretion of wether lambs of 30–48 kg, wholly nourished by the intragastric infusion of nutrients, were measured in two experiments. Four lambs were used in each experiment. In Expt 1 a constant amount of casein was infused into the abomasum (640 mg N/kg body-weight (W)0·75 per d) and the amount of volatile fatty acids (VFA) infused into the rumen ranged from 0 to 670 kJ/kg W0·75 per d as six increments. Expt 2 was of similar design but two levels of casein were infused (530 and 1060 mg N/kg W0·75 per d) and, with each level of casein, VFA infused ranged from 0 to 700 kJ/kg W0·75 per d as seven increments.2. Daily creatinine excretion was not constant, but varied between 2-d means with standard deviations of between 7·1 and 16·5% (average 13·1%) of the over-all means. There was an apparent correlation between creatinine excretion and the amount of energy infused in six out of eight lambs. There was no effect of the amount of casein infused.3. In both experiments N balance was negative only when the amount of energy infused was substantially below published values for energy maintenance. In Expt 1, N equilibrium was calculated to be achieved at a gross (VFA plus protein) energy infusion level of 162 (SE 29) kJ/kg W0·75 per d. In Expt 2 it was observed that, at a given level of energy infusion, N retention was greater when the amount of energy had been increased from the previous level, than when it had been decreased.4. It is concluded that the animal appears to allocate available amino acids to protein synthesis, rather than to oxidation, even when in negative energy balance. It is also concluded that the enhanced N retention observed when the amount of energy infused had been increased represented compensation after a period of energy restriction.

scholarly journals Investigation of nitrogen balance in dairy cows and steers nourished by intragastric infusion

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
S. T. M. Fahmy ◽  
L. Istasse ◽  
F. D. DeB. Hovell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Practical Implications

1. Two dairy cows were maintained by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids and casein. Except when fasting, the casein-nitrogen was held constant, while total gross energy supply was varied from zero during fasting to 650 kJ/kg body-weight (W)0·75.2. One cow was estimated to attain zero N balance at an energy intake of 255 kJ/kg W0·75and the other at 307 kJ/kg W0·75, which was calculated to be substantially below the estimated energy required for zero energy balance.3. When the cows were later given an N-free infusion for a period preceding the trial, N balance occurred at 98 kJ/kg W0·75for one cow and 115 kJ/kg W0·75for the other.4. Four steers were similarly nourished by intragastric infusion and the energy nutrient increased from 0 at fasting to 450 kJ/kg W0·75. The protein was held constant at 1 g N/kg W0·75except at fasting. The energy level at which N balance occurred was 154 (SE 38) kJ/kg W0·75or approximately equal to the energy content of the protein. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Nutritional implications of D-xylose in pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Schutte ◽  
J. de Jong ◽  
R. Polziehn ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Pentose Sugar ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Pentose Sugars

Hemicellulose consists primarily of pentose sugars, joined together in a polysaccharide chain with d-xylose as the most abundant component. Ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of d-xylose and associated effects of this pentose sugar on ileal and faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and nitrogen were studied in pigs. Castrated pigs were prepared with a post-valvular T-caecum cannula to measure ileal digestibility. Faecal digestibility was measured in non-cannulated pigs. d-xylose was given at dietary inclusion levels of 100 and 200 g/kg, and the control sugar, d-glucose, at a rate of 200 g/kg diet. Ileal digestibility of d-xylose as well as that of d-glucose was found to be close to 100%. The presence of d-xylose in the diet decreased ileal digesta pH and increased ileal flow of volatile fatty acids, suggesting the occurrence of microbial degradation of d-xylose in the pig small intestine. In pigs fed on the 100 g d-xylose/kg diet, 44.5% of the d-xylose intake appeared in the urine. This percentage increased significantly to 52.6 when pigs were fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet. Ileal and faecal digestibility of DM, OM, GE and N, as well as N retention, decreased significantly in pigs fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet.

Wheat as a survival ration for sheep. 1. The digestion of wheat and formaldehyde treated wheat

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
JP Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The digestibility of wheat and formaldehyde (HCHO) treated wheat and the metabolites formed during their digestion were examined in three experiments. The wheat ranged in nitrogen content from 2.4 to 2.6 g N/100 g organic matter. HCHO treatment had little effect on organic matter digestibility or on the proportions of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen although total VFA concentration and the proportion of organic matter digested in the stomach declined. The effect of HCHO treatment on apparent nitrogen digestibility varied between experiments although N retention and the quantity of nitrogen digested in the intestines were generally increased. The addition of urea to HCHO treated diets had no effect on digestibility, the quantity of N digested in the intestine, the concentration of total VFA or on the proportions of individual acids. Abomasal infusion of L-lysine hydrochloride and DL-methionine induced a small but not significant increase in nitrogen retention.

Possible contribution of protozoa to differences in rumen metabolism between cattle breeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Body Tissues

Brahman (B) and Hereford (H) cattle were used to study protozoal population density of ruminal fluid (RF) in relation to some aspects of rumen and body metabolism. Steers were fed restricted intakes of lucerne hay (HQ) or low-quality hay (LQ) in each of eight experiments. In the 8 h period following the once-daily feeding of HQ the number of entodiniomorphs declined by 50%, while the number of holotrichs increased by 60% before reducing to pre-feeding levels. There were no significant rises and falls in the numbers of protozoa of steers fed LQ once daily nor in those fed either HQ or LQ at hourly intervals. The numbers of entodiniomorphs, dasytrichs, total protozoa, pH and bacterial content of RF were higher and rumen temperature lower in B than in H. Urinary allantoin excretion used as an index of the total microbial population in the rumen distinguished between diets but not between breeds. The concentrations of propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids in RF and of glucose in plasma were higher in B than in H. The concentrations of all classes of long-chain fatty acids contained in the protozoa and bacteria of RF and of cholesterol and essential fatty acids in plasma were higher in B than in H. The amount of dry matter disappearing from nylon bags in the rumen of steers fed HQ did not differ between breeds, but was higher in B than in H fed LQ. Elevation of pH to peak values in RF with an accompanying disappearance of protozoa and volatile fatty acids during fasting from either HQ or LQ occurred more rapidly in B than in H. The plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were higher in B than in H during fasting. It is proposed that at the same level of intake of either HQ or LQ: (1) the higher protozoal population density in RF of B contributes to quantitative breed differences in the end products of digestion, (2) that B achieve and maintain a higher body weight because more metabolizable energy and essential nutrients are supplied from the rumen to their body tissues, and (3) after the same period of feed deprivation B have fasted for a longer period of time because the residual feed in their rumens is fermented at a more rapid rate.

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