Augmentative biological control in greenhouses in Japan.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (060) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eizi Yano
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Augmentative Biological Control ◽  
Banker Plant ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies

Abstract In Japan, augmentative biological control is mainly implemented in greenhouses using arthropod natural enemies. Two imported natural enemy species, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) against spider mites and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) against the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), were first commercialised in greenhouses in 1995, followed by the commercialisation of other exotic species. Exotic arthropod natural enemies are used to control both exotic and indigenous pests in greenhouses. Currently, the most popular exotic natural enemy species are predatory mites such as P. persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Recently, there has been a shift from using exotic to using indigenous natural enemies in greenhouses. Currently, the importation of generalist predators for augmentative biological control is very difficult in Japan. Several collaborative studies have been conducted in Japan to develop biological control using indigenous natural enemies. These studies developed innovative technologies, such as new banker plant systems based on combinations of two natural enemies or flightless Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Indigenous natural enemies have been commercialised following the registration of Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Biological control can be achieved using an indigenous strain of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) with a banker plant system, on which the bug can reproduce without alternative prey. Research and development of biological control using indigenous natural enemies should be continued in Japan.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Insecticides and Miticides to Natural Enemies in Australian Grains: A Review

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Kathy Overton ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Olivia L. Reynolds ◽  
Paul A. Umina
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Target Effects

Continued prophylactic chemical control to reduce pest populations in Australian grain farming systems has limited the effectiveness of biological control via natural enemies in crops within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework. While a variety of data is available to infer potential non-target effects of chemicals on arthropod natural enemies, much of it may be irrelevant or difficult to access. Here, we synthesise the literature relevant to Australian grain crops and highlight current knowledge gaps for potential future investment. A range of testing methodologies have been utilised, often deviating from standardised International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) protocols. Consistent with findings from over 30 years ago, research has continued to occur predominantly at laboratory scales and on natural enemy families that are easily reared or commercially available. There is a paucity of data for many generalist predators, in particular for spiders, hoverflies, and rove and carabid beetles. Furthermore, very few studies have tested the effects of seed treatments on natural enemies, presenting a significant gap given the widespread global use of neonicotinoid seed treatments. There is a need to validate results obtained under laboratory conditions at industry-relevant scales and also prioritise testing on several key natural enemy species we have identified, which should assist with the adoption of IPM practices and decrease the reliance on broad-spectrum chemicals.

scholarly journals Methyl Salicylate Fails to Enhance Arthropod Predator Abundance or Predator to Pest Ratios in Cotton

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E Naranjo ◽  
James R Hagler ◽  
John A Byers
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals

Abstract Conservation biological control is a fundamental tactic in integrated pest management (IPM). Greater biological control services can be achieved by enhancing agroecosystems to be more favorable to the presence, survival, and growth of natural enemy populations. One approach that has been tested in numerous agricultural systems is the deployment of synthetic chemicals that mimic those produced by the plant when under attack by pests. These signals may attract arthropod natural enemies to crop habitats and thus potentially improve biological control activity locally. A 2-yr field study was conducted in the cotton agroecosystem to evaluate the potential of synthetic methyl salicylate (MeSA) to attract native arthropod natural enemies and to enhance biological control services on two key pests. Slow-release packets of MeSA were deployed in replicated cotton plots season long. The abundance of multiple taxa of natural enemies and two major pests were monitored weekly by several sampling methods. The deployment of MeSA failed to increase natural enemy abundance and pest densities did not decline. Predator to prey ratios, used as a proxy to estimate biological control function, also largely failed to increase with MeSA deployment. One exception was a season-long increase in the ratio of Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (= Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults within the context of biological control informed action thresholds. Overall results suggest that MeSA would not likely enhance conservation biological control by the natural enemy community typical of U.S. western cotton production systems.

scholarly journals Conserving carnivorous arthropods: an example from early-season cranberry (Ericaceae) flooding

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
J. van Zoeren ◽  
C. Guédot ◽  
S.A. Steffan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Insecticide Application ◽  
Insecticide Spray

AbstractBiological control plays an important role in many integrated pest management programmes, but can be disrupted by other control strategies, including chemical and cultural controls. In commercial cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton; Ericaceae) production, a spring flood can replace an insecticide application, providing an opportunity to study the compatibility of the flood (a cultural control) with biological control. We suspect that chemical controls will tend to reduce the number of natural enemies, while the flood, through removal of detritus and detritivores, may cause generalist predators to prey-switch to consume proportionally more pest individuals. We measured the abundance of herbivores (Lepidoptera), detritivores, Arachnida, and parasitoids (Hymenoptera) every week for six weeks in Wisconsin (United States of America) cranberry beds following either an insecticide spray or a cultural control flood. We found that detritivore populations rapidly declined in both flood and spray treatments; conversely, carnivore populations (spiders and parasitoids) were more abundant in the flooded beds than in sprayed beds. Populations of key cranberry pests were similar between flooded and sprayed beds. Our results showed that early-season flooding preserved more natural enemies than an insecticide application. This increase in natural enemy abundance after the flood may allow for greater continuity in herbivore suppression, potentially providing a basis for long-term cranberry pest management.

Improvement on Natural Enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Using Extracts of Agrimonia pilosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1581-1586
Author(s):  
Huifang Guo ◽  
Yufeng Qu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
And Control

Abstract Compared with the numerous natural enemies against insect pests that have been identified, the commercialization of natural biological control resources remains very limited. To increase the use of natural enemies for biological control, determining how to improve the low efficacy, slow speed, and high cost of natural enemies is very important. Mediterranean species of The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea), increasingly threatens many crops in China, and control primarily depends on chemical insecticides. Here, the effect of ethanol extracts from two plants, Agrimonia pilosa (Ledeb) (Rosales: Rosaceae) and Melia azedarach (Linn) (Meliaceae: Melia), on predominant natural enemies of B. tabaci was investigated using a leaf dipping or spraying method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of A. pilosa significantly improved the infectivity of the fungus Isaria javanica (Friedrichs & Bally) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and the mortality of whiteflies caused by the combination of fungus (105 spores/mL) with the extract of A. pilosa (2 mg/mL dried powder of A. pilosa containing 0.0942 mg/mL total polyphenols) was 81.6%, which was significantly higher than that caused by the fungus only. However, the ethanol extract of M. azedarach had no effect on fungus infectivity. Additionally, insecticide tolerance of the predator Pardosa pseudoannulata was also significantly improved by the extract of A. pilosa. The longevity of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa was not affected by the extracts. These findings indicate that the extract of A. pilosa played a dual role that included improving pathogenic fungi infectivity and insecticidal tolerance of a predator and thus could be a synergist in the biological control of B. tabaci.

An Investigation of the Possibilities of Biological Control ofMelittomma insulareFairm. (Coleoptera, Lymexylonidae), a serious Pest of Coconut in the Seychelles

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy

The biology and general ecology ofMelittomma insulareFairm. in the Seychelles is briefly described and the difficulties in the biological control of this pest are stressed.As much information as possible was obtained concerning the species of the little-known family Lymexylonidae, particularly with regard to their biology, which in most cases has not been investigated. Several species might warrant further investigation with a view to providing natural enemies for use againstM. insulare, but in general what is known of their biology does not afford much hope that an effective parasite or predator will be found.The biology ofAtractocerus brasiliensisLep. & Serv. was investigated in detail in Trinidad but no natural enemy was found.The only possibility is thatRhizophagus dispar(Payk.), recorded as attackingHylecoetus dermestoides(L.) in England, might also attack the eggs ofM. insulare.

Biological control of Drosophila suzukii.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (054) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-eng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies

Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is native to East Asia but has widely established in the Americas and Europe, where it is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruits. It has a wide host range and these non-crop habitats harbor the fly which then repeatedly reinvades crop fields. Biological control in non-crop habitats could be the cornerstone for sustainable management at the landscape level. Toward this goal, researchers have developed or investigated biological control tactics. We review over 100 studies, conducted in the Americas, Asia and Europe on natural enemies of D. suzukii. Two previous reviews provided an overview of potential natural enemies and detailed accounts on foreign explorations. Here, we provide an up-to-date list of known or evaluated parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens (pathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses) and summarize research progress to date. We emphasize a systematic approach toward the development of biological control strategies that can stand alone or be combined with more conventional control tools. Finally, we propose a framework for the integrated use of biological control tools, from classical biological control with host-specific Asian parasitoids, to augmentative and conservation biological control with indigenous natural enemies, to the use of entomopathogens. This review provides a roadmap to foster the use of biological control tools in more sustainable D. suzukii control programs.

Silicon enhances natural enemy attraction and biological control through induced plant defences

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.L. Kvedaras ◽  
M. An ◽  
Y.S. Choi ◽  
G.M. Gurr
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Plant Defences ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Arthropod Pests

AbstractSilicon (Si) is known to have a role in constitutive plant defence against arthropod pests, and recent work has illustrated involvement in induced plant defences. The present tri-trophic study tested the hypothesis that Si increases natural enemy attraction to pest-infested plants and improves biological control. Cucumber plants treated with potassium silicate (Si+) and untreated control plants (Si−) were maintained in separately vented glasshouse compartments. Y-tube olfactometer studies showed that adult Dicranolaius bellulus were significantly more attracted to Si+ plants upon which Helicoverpa armigera larvae had fed compared with Si−, pest-infested plants. Predators were not significantly more attracted to Si+ plants when comparing uninfested cucumbers. In a field experiment, we placed H. armigera-infested and uninfested Si+ and Si− cucumber plants in a lucerne stand. Removal rates of H. armigera egg baits showed predation was greater for Si+ infested plants than for other treatments. Results suggest that Si applied to plants with a subsequent pest infestation increases the plants' attractiveness to natural enemies; an effect that was reflected in elevated biological control in the field.

The potential for managing indigenous natural enemies of aphids on field crops

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1189) ◽  
pp. 183-201 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies ◽  
Relative Selectivity

The co-evolution of aphids and their indigenous natural enemies means that, on field crops, biological control to a grower-acceptable level will occur only sporadically in the absence of manipulative interventions. Such interventions should focus on raising the natural enemy:aphid ratio. This ratio is far more important than the absolute number of natural enemies present. The main interventions for improving the ratio are habitat modifications, advancing in time the activity of natural enemies on the crop, reducing aphid multiplication through genetically based or induced partial plant resistance, and ingenious use of pesticide to build in relative selectivity of kill. The interactions between biological control and some of the other interventions offer exciting opportunities for managing natural enemies.

Supplemental food affects thrips predation and movement of Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Skirvin ◽  
L. Kravar-Garde ◽  
K. Reynolds ◽  
J. Jones ◽  
A. Mead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Neoseiulus Cucumeris ◽  
Orius Laevigatus ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
Species Movement ◽  
Predation Rates

AbstractTwo experiments were done to examine the predation of thrips, and the movement of Orius laevigatus Fieber and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) in the presence and absence of two supplemental food sources, pollen and the fungus Trichoderma viride. The presence of pollen led to a 55% reduction in predation of the thrips by N. cucumeris and a 40% reduction in thrips predation by O. laevigatus, in experiments using single predators. The presence of fungus had no significant effect on thrips predation by either of the natural enemy species. Movement of the natural enemies was examined in a multiple predator experiment, and this showed that O. laevigatus was more likely to remain on the plant in the presence of thrips and when supplemental food, either pollen or fungus, was present. For N. cucumeris, there was no association between the presence of thrips and the mite, with the majority of the mites being found on the leaves where pollen was present. Although the single and multiple predator experiments were done at different times, the indications are that the predation rates of the N. cucumeris do not differ greatly between the two experiments, suggesting that there may be a potential interference effect between the mites, which is not present for O. laevigatus. The significance of these results for the use of supplemental food sources in biological control is discussed.

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