Improvement on Natural Enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Using Extracts of Agrimonia pilosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1581-1586
Author(s):  
Huifang Guo ◽  
Yufeng Qu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
And Control

Abstract Compared with the numerous natural enemies against insect pests that have been identified, the commercialization of natural biological control resources remains very limited. To increase the use of natural enemies for biological control, determining how to improve the low efficacy, slow speed, and high cost of natural enemies is very important. Mediterranean species of The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea), increasingly threatens many crops in China, and control primarily depends on chemical insecticides. Here, the effect of ethanol extracts from two plants, Agrimonia pilosa (Ledeb) (Rosales: Rosaceae) and Melia azedarach (Linn) (Meliaceae: Melia), on predominant natural enemies of B. tabaci was investigated using a leaf dipping or spraying method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of A. pilosa significantly improved the infectivity of the fungus Isaria javanica (Friedrichs & Bally) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and the mortality of whiteflies caused by the combination of fungus (105 spores/mL) with the extract of A. pilosa (2 mg/mL dried powder of A. pilosa containing 0.0942 mg/mL total polyphenols) was 81.6%, which was significantly higher than that caused by the fungus only. However, the ethanol extract of M. azedarach had no effect on fungus infectivity. Additionally, insecticide tolerance of the predator Pardosa pseudoannulata was also significantly improved by the extract of A. pilosa. The longevity of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa was not affected by the extracts. These findings indicate that the extract of A. pilosa played a dual role that included improving pathogenic fungi infectivity and insecticidal tolerance of a predator and thus could be a synergist in the biological control of B. tabaci.

scholarly journals Effect of China berry crude extracts on broad mites in vivo and in vitro

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Assma Gatta ◽  
Luaay K. Al – ani ◽  
Nabeel Al - ani
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Number Increase ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Tissue culture were established from leaf and stem of china berry (Melia azedarach ) tree . Using MS media the best regulator to form callus were 6mg/l BAP, all other concentrations did not give callus . The crude extracts from leaves and callus established from leaves were extracted with water and ethanol with different concentrations. In ethanol extracts the least concentration 0.0001 half of the treated parasites were killed in 24 hours while the number increase as the concentration increase . However in callus the ethanol extracts were much higher about 8.5 were killed in the above concentration . In water extracts the least concentration 0.0001 killed half of the treated parasites in 24 hours .This number was increased 8 or 9 in 48 and 72 hours respectively . These results give us preliminary idea about the biological control of this dangerous parasite.

scholarly journals Phototoxicity of Ultraviolet-A against the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci and Its Compatibility with an Entomopathogenic Fungus and Whitefly Parasitoid

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Muhammad Musa Khan ◽  
Ze-Yun Fan ◽  
Dylan O’Neill Rothenberg ◽  
Jing Peng ◽  
Muhammad Hafeez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Invertebrate Pests

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation significantly affects insect life and, as a result, has been widely used to control different invertebrate pests. The current results demonstrate that when Bemisia tabaci first instar nymphs are exposed to UV-A light for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, their developmental and biological parameters are negatively affected by UV-A exposure; the effect increased with an increase in exposure time. We hypothesized that UV-A light is compatible with other biological control agents. Results showed that when the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps fumosorosea was applied to third instar nymphs of B. tabaci previously exposed to UV-A light, the LC50 was 3.4% lower after 72 h of exposure to UV-A light compared to the control. However, when the fungus was exposed to UV-A light, its virulence decreased with an increase in UV-A exposure time. The parasitism rate of Encarsia formosa against 24 h UV-A-exposed third instar nymphs of B. tabaci increased while the adult emergence from parasitized nymphs was not affected after UV-A light exposure. Parasitism rate was significantly reduced however following E. formosa exposure to UV-A light; but again, adult emergence was not affected from parasitized nymphs. The percentage mortality of E. formosa increased with increasing exposure time to UV-A light. The enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, GST, and AChE and the energy reserve contents were negatively affected due to UV-A exposure. Collectively, this study has demonstrated that UV-A light significantly suppresses the immune system of B. tabaci and that UV-A light is compatible with other biological control agents if it is applied separately from the biological agent.

Biological control of Drosophila suzukii.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (054) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-eng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies

Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is native to East Asia but has widely established in the Americas and Europe, where it is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruits. It has a wide host range and these non-crop habitats harbor the fly which then repeatedly reinvades crop fields. Biological control in non-crop habitats could be the cornerstone for sustainable management at the landscape level. Toward this goal, researchers have developed or investigated biological control tactics. We review over 100 studies, conducted in the Americas, Asia and Europe on natural enemies of D. suzukii. Two previous reviews provided an overview of potential natural enemies and detailed accounts on foreign explorations. Here, we provide an up-to-date list of known or evaluated parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens (pathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses) and summarize research progress to date. We emphasize a systematic approach toward the development of biological control strategies that can stand alone or be combined with more conventional control tools. Finally, we propose a framework for the integrated use of biological control tools, from classical biological control with host-specific Asian parasitoids, to augmentative and conservation biological control with indigenous natural enemies, to the use of entomopathogens. This review provides a roadmap to foster the use of biological control tools in more sustainable D. suzukii control programs.

Implementation of biological control

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 102-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop C. van Lenteren
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Industry Policy ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Inoculative Biological Control

AbstractThe number of species of insect pests, estimated to be maximally 10,000 worldwide, forms only a small part of the millions of species of plant-eating insects. Chemical pest control is becoming increasingly difficult and objectionable in terms of environmental contamination so that other methods of pest control need to be developed. One of the best alternatives is biological control. Natural and inoculative biological control has already proven successful against a variety of pests over large areas. One is inclined to forget, however, how successful a biological control program has been as soon as the pest problem has been solved. Other types of biological control involving the regular introduction or augmentation of natural enemies are better known, although these have been applied on a much smaller scale; a survey of the present-day application of these latter types of biological control is presented here. Phases in the implementation of biological control are illustrated and needed future developments in research are discussed. The main limitation on the development of biological control is not the research, since natural enemies are easier found and with a much lower investment than new chemical pesticides, but rather the attitudes held by growers and disinterest on the part of industry, policy-makers, and politicians. The first priority for those concerned with the development and application of safer pest control should, therefore, be to change the perceptions that these other groups have of biological control.

scholarly journals Fatores de virulência de Bacillus thuringiensis: o que existe além das proteínas Cry

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gislayne Trindade Vilas-Bôas ◽  
Rita C. Alvarez ◽  
Clelton A. Dos Santos ◽  
Laurival A. Vilas-Boas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cry Proteins ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vip Proteins ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus ◽  
And Control

As proteínas Cry produzidas pela bactéria entomopatogênica Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner são bem conhecidas devido a alta citotoxicidade que exibem a uma variedade de insetos-alvo. O modo de ação destas proteínas é específico e torna os produtos à base de B. thuringiensis os mais amplamente utilizados em programas de controle biológico de pragas na agricultura e de importantes vetores de doenças humanas. Contudo, embora as proteínas Cry sejam os fatores de virulência inseto-específico mais conhecidos, linhagens de B. thuringiensis apresentam também uma ampla gama de fatores de virulência, os quais permitem à bactéria atingir a hemolinfa e colonizar eficientemente o inseto hospedeiro. Dentre estes fatores, destacam-se as proteínas Vip, Cyt, enterotoxinas, hemolisinas, fosfolipases, proteases, enzimas de degradação, além das recentemente descritas parasporinas. Essa revisão aborda a ação desses fatores de virulência, bem como a caracterização e o controle da expressão de seus genes. Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos relacionados ao nicho ecológico da bactéria com ênfase nas características envolvidas com a biossegurança da utilização dos produtos à base de B. thuringiensis para o controle biológico de insetos-alvo. Virulence Factors of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner: Something Beyond of Cry Proteins? Abstract. The Cry proteins produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner are widely known due to its high toxicity against a variety of insects. The mode of action of these proteins is specific and becomes B. thuringiensis-based products the most used in biological control programs of insect pests in agriculture and of important human disease vectors. However, while the Cry proteins are the best-known insect-specific virulence factor, strains of B. thuringiensis show also a wide range of other virulence factors, which allow the bacteria to achieve the hemolymph and colonize efficiently the insect host. Among these factors, we highlight the Vip proteins, Cyt, enterotoxins, hemolysins, phospholipases, proteases and enzymes of degradation, in addition to the recently described parasporin. This review explores the action of these virulence factors, as well as, the characterization and control of expression of their genes. Additionally, we discuss aspects related to the ecological niche of the bacteria with emphasis on the characteristics involved in the biosafety of the use of B. thuringiensis-based products for biological control of target insects.

scholarly journals A Review of the Biology and Control of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with Special Reference to Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sani ◽  
Siti Izera Ismail ◽  
Sumaiyah Abdullah ◽  
Johari Jalinas ◽  
Syari Jamian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), consists of genetically diverse species known to cause significant destruction in several crops around the world. Nymphs and adults of B. tabaci cause damage to plants during feeding, and they can act as a virus vector, thus causing significant yield loss to crops in the tropical and subtropical regions. Chemical pesticides are widely used to control B. tabaci due to their immediate action, but this approach has several drawbacks including food safety issues, insecticide resistance, environmental pollution, and the effect on non-target organisms. A biological control agent using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) has therefore been developed as an alternative against the conventional use of chemical pesticides in an integrated pest management (IPM) system to effectively control B. tabaci. It is apparent from this review that species of hyphomycetes fungi are the most common EPF used to effectively control B. tabaci, with the second instar being the most susceptible stage of infection. Therefore, this review article focuses specifically on the control of B. tabaci with special emphasis on the use of EPF as biological control agents and their integration in IPM.

scholarly journals Potential of Predatory Natural Enemies for Biological Control of Sap-Sucking Insect Pests in Paraguay

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi NODA ◽  
Yutaka KIMURA ◽  
Maria B. R. de LÓPEZ ◽  
Mirian T. de EVERT ◽  
Carlos PALACIO
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests

Characteristics of successful natural enemies in models of biological control of insect pests

Nature ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 273 (5663) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Beddington ◽  
C. A. Free ◽  
J. H. Lawton
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests

Some Concepts on the Ecological Basis of Biological Control of Weeds

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Huffaker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Biological Control Of Weeds ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Ecological Basis

Contrary to a common conception, employment of biological control of weeds is fundamentally the same as the employment of biological control of insect pests. The goal in each case is not eradication but the reduction of pest populations to non-injurious levels. The ecological relationships which apply in the regulation of any organism by natural enemies in the undisturbed natural scene also apply when we attempt to introduce a natural enemy not already present. While it is true that our work has an economic or applied objective, the pursuit of objectives in biological control in general takes us deeply into fundamental considerations – fundamentals which constitute the broad science of ecology.

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