scholarly journals Effect of infection on energy requirements of infants and children

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (7a) ◽  
pp. 1187-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cutberto Garza
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Nutritional Adequacy ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Infants And Young Children ◽  
Quantitative Nature

AbstractThis is a brief review of the effects of infection and other forms of stress on the energy needs of infants and young children. The results of studies estimating energy expenditure in infants and young children during illness and convalescence were evaluated. Expectations that energy expenditure is influenced by the severity of illness, nutritional status, the nature of the illness, the presence and intensity of ‘catch-up growth,’ and the stage of convalescence are generally supported by the literature. The qualitative or quantitative nature of responses, however, are not uniform for diverse illnesses in children in diverse planes of nutritional adequacy.

The Bowel Cocktail

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
M. D. Bowie ◽  
M. D. Mann ◽  
I. D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Electrolyte Loss ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Infantile gastroenteritis or infectious diarrhea of infancy remains a serious pediatric problem worldwide. It has been estimated that during 1975 500 million episodes of diarrhea occurred among the babies and young children of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, killing between 5 million and 18 million of them.1 Only improvements in the socioeconomic conditions, housing, education, and nutritional status of these communities will result in diarrheal disease receding from its present position as the major cause of death of infants and young children. In the interim an attempt must be made to reduce the high mortality which is due firstly, in the acute phase, to water and electrolyte loss and secondly, in the later stages, to the diarrhea leading to further debility, malnutrition, and the well-known vicious cycle of undernutrition and gastroenteritis.

scholarly journals Maternal and child nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and interventions

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lartey
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
African Women ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Maternal Nutritional Status ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Women of child-bearing age (especially pregnant and lactating women), infants and young children are in the most nutritionally-vulnerable stages of the life cycle. Maternal malnutrition is a major predisposing factor for morbidity and mortality among African women. The causes include inadequate food intake, poor nutritional quality of diets, frequent infections and short inter-pregnancy intervals. Evidence for maternal malnutrition is provided by the fact that between 5 and 20% of African women have a low BMI as a result of chronic hunger. Across the continent the prevalence of anaemia ranges from 21 to 80%, with similarly high values for both vitamin A and Zn deficiency levels. Another challenge is the high rates of HIV infection, which compromise maternal nutritional status. The consequences of poor maternal nutritional status are reflected in low pregnancy weight gain and high infant and maternal morbidity and mortality. Suboptimal infant feeding practices, poor quality of complementary foods, frequent infections and micronutrient deficiencies have largely contributed to the high mortality among infants and young children in the region. Feeding children whose mothers are infected with HIV continues to remain an issue requiring urgent attention. There are successful interventions to improve the nutrition of mothers, infants and young children, which will be addressed. Interventions to improve the nutrition of infants and young children, particularly in relation to the improvement of micronutrient intakes of young children, will be discussed. The recent release by WHO of new international growth standards for assessing the growth and nutritional status of children provides the tool for early detection of growth faltering and for appropriate intervention.

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