Temperature influenced variation in the chromosomal behaviour of male and female sex cells in Sunn hemp(Crotalaria junceaLinn., Fabaceae)

Lung cancer represents the world’s leading cause of cancer deaths. Sex differences in the incidence and mortality rates for various types of lung cancers have been identified, but the biological and endocrine mechanisms implicated in these disparities have not yet been determined. While some cancers such as lung adenocarcinoma are more commonly found among women than men, others like squamous cell carcinoma display the opposite pattern or show no sex differences. Associations of tobacco product use rates, susceptibility to carcinogens, occupational exposures, and indoor and outdoor air pollution have also been linked to differential rates of lung cancer occurrence and mortality between sexes. While roles for sex hormones in other types of cancers affecting women or men have been identified and described, little is known about the influence of sex hormones in lung cancer. One potential mechanism identified to date is the synergism between estrogen and some tobacco compounds, and oncogene mutations, in inducing the expression of metabolic enzymes, leading to enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA adducts, and subsequent lung carcinogenesis. In this review, we present the literature available regarding sex differences in cancer rates, associations of male and female sex hormones with lung cancer, the influence of exogenous hormone therapy in women, and potential mechanisms mediated by male and female sex hormone receptors in lung carcinogenesis. The influence of biological sex on lung disease has recently been established, thus new research incorporating this variable will shed light on the mechanisms behind the observed disparities in lung cancer rates, and potentially lead to the development of new therapeutics to treat this devastating disease.

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Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection among Male and Female Sex Partners: Prevalence and Type-Specific Concordance

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/171.2.429 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 171 (2) ◽

pp. 429-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

L. A. Baken ◽

L. A. Koutsky ◽

J. Kuypers ◽

M. R. Kosorok ◽

S.-K. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Sex Partners ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Sex ◽

Human Papillomavirus Infection ◽

Papillomavirus Infection

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Sex steroids regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release by macrophages after trauma-hemorrhage

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.1.c35 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 277 (1) ◽

pp. C35-C42 ◽

Cited By ~ 116

Author(s):

Martin K. Angele ◽

Markus W. Knöferl ◽

Martin G. Schwacha ◽

Alfred Ayala ◽

William G. Cioffi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Peritoneal Macrophage ◽

Kupffer Cell ◽

Sex Steroids ◽

Sham Operation ◽

Male And Female ◽

Splenic Macrophage ◽

Female Sex ◽

17Β Estradiol ◽

Tissue Trauma

Studies indicate that macrophage immune responses in males are depressed after trauma-hemorrhage, whereas they are enhanced in females under such conditions. Nonetheless, the involvement of male and female sex steroids in this gender-dependent dimorphic immune response after trauma-hemorrhage remains unclear. To study this, male C3H/HeN mice were castrated and treated with pellets containing either vehicle, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17β-estradiol, or a combination of both steroid hormones for 14 days before soft tissue trauma (i.e., laparotomy) and hemorrhagic shock (35 ± 5 mmHg for 90 min followed by adequate fluid resuscitation) or a sham operation. Twenty-four hours later the animals were killed, plasma was obtained, and Kupffer cell and splenic and peritoneal macrophage cultures were established. For DHT-treated mice, we observed significantly decreased releases of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 by splenic macrophage (−50 and −57%, respectively) and peritoneal macrophage (−51 and −52%, respectively) cultures after trauma-hemorrhage compared with releases by cultures of cells from mice subjected to a sham operation; in contrast, responses of splenic and peritoneal macrophage cultures from other groups subjected to trauma-hemorrhage did not change significantly. In addition, only DHT-treated animals exhibited increased Kupffer cell IL-6 release (+634%). The release of IL-10 in DHT-treated hemorrhaged animals was increased compared with that in sham-operated animals but was decreased in estrogen-treated mice under such conditions. These results suggest that male and female sex steroids exhibit divergent immunomodulatory properties with respect to cell-mediated immune responses after trauma-hemorrhage.

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Sex and gender characteristics in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Croatia with special reference to the criminal offences of rape and domestic violence

Temida ◽

10.2298/tem1301033s ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 33-54

Author(s):

Marissabell Skoric

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Social Relations ◽

Criminal Law ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Criminal Code ◽

Criminal Offence ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Sex ◽

The Republic

The study deals with the issue of whether the norms of criminal law make a distinction between male and female sex with regard to the perpetrator of the criminal offence as well as with regard to the victim of the criminal offence and also the issue of whether male or female sex have any role in the criminal law. It is with this objective in mind that the author analyzed the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Croatia and statistical data on total crime in the Republic of Croatia and the relation between male and female perpetrators of criminal offences. The statistical data reveal that men commit a far greater number of offences than women. Apart from this, women and men also differ according to the type of the criminal offence they tend to commit. Women as perpetrators of criminal offences that involve the element of violence are very rare. At the same time, women are very often victims of violent offences perpetrated by men, which leads us to the term of gender-based violence. Although significant steps forward have been made at the normative level in the Republic of Croatia in defining and sanctioning of genderbased violence, gender stereotypes can still be observed in practice when sexual crimes are in question so that we can witness domestic violence on a daily basis. All of this leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to make further efforts in order to remove all obstacles that prevent changes in social relations and ensure equality between women and men, not only de jure but also de facto.

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Gambaran Penggunaan Obat Antidiare di 3 Puskesmas Kabupaten Barito Selatan

Borneo Journal of Pharmacy ◽

10.33084/bjop.v1i1.247 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 44-46

Author(s):

Nurul Chusna ◽

Evi Mulyani ◽

Ahmad Asmadi

Keyword(s):

Health Center ◽

Health Centers ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

District Health ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Sex ◽

Long Time

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by an increase in the frequency of defecation more than three times a day accompanied by changes in shape and consistency of feces of patients. Bacterial, viral or parasitic infections can cause diarrhea. This study aimed to determine the profile of the use of antidiarrheal drugs for one semester in 3 South Barito District Health Centers namely Bangkuang Health Center, Sababilah Health Center, and Buntok Health Center. The results showed that there were differences in the use of drugs in each Health Center. Based on the type of drug that is most widely used, namely for the Bangkuang Health Center was Zink (1300 prescription), for Sababilah Health Center was Metronidazole (1350 prescription), and for Buntok Health Center was Cotrimoxazole (4650 prescriptions). Based on the age of patients aged 18-60 years for Bangkuang Health Center as many as 120 people, 279 people for Sababilah Health Center, and 315 people for Buntok Health Center. Based on male and female sex, for Bangkuang Health Center were 98 males and 167 females, for Sababilah Health Center were 233 males and 258 females, and for Buntok Health Center were 298 males and 398 females. Further research needed for a long time regarding the use of antidiarrheal drugs in other Health Centers.

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Controlling intimacy: Sexual scripts among men and women in prostitution

Current Sociology ◽

10.1177/0011392118815945 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 353-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Margaretha Järvinen ◽

Theresa Dyrvig Henriksen

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Sexual Scripts ◽

The Other ◽

Men And Women ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Sex ◽

Emotional Distance ◽

Male Sex ◽

And Control

Inspired by sexual scripting theory, this article analyses intimacy and control in prostitution. The authors identify two strategies for maintaining control among male and female sex sellers. The first strategy is to restrict prostitution to relationships with as much sexual reciprocity as possible. The other is to maintain sexual/emotional distance from customers – yet often acting the opposite. The article questions prevailing stereotypes about male sex sellers being more agentic and autonomous than female sex sellers, arguing that control in prostitution can be achieved (and lost) in different ways. The analysis shows how scripting theory – with its differentiation between the cultural, interpersonal and intrapsychic levels of scripting – may be used to understand variations and contradictions in prostitution experiences. The article is based on 36 qualitative interviews with men and women in escort services, clinic prostitution and prostitution in private apartments in Denmark.

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