Air Quality and Under-five Mortality Rates in the Low-income Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 851-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azmat Gani
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Under Five

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five children in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia 2018: A cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisay Shine ◽  
Sindew Muhamud ◽  
Solomon Adnew ◽  
Alebachew Demelash ◽  
Makda Abate
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Debre Berhan

Abstract Background: Diarrhea is responsible for 525,000 children under-five deaths and 1.7 billion cases globally and is the second leading cause of death among children under-five every year. It is a major public health problem in low income countries like Ethiopia. The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diarrhea and associated risk factors among children under-five in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 420 parent or caretaker/children pairs in Debre Berhan town between 13–18 April 2018. A multi-stage sampling strategy was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pre-tested and structured questionnaires. Data were entered in Epi-info computer software version 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS Window Version-16 for analysis. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the level of significance. Results: The two week prevalence of diarrhea among children under-five was 16.4% (69/351). Children aged 7-11 months (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2 - 15.3), being the second-born child (AOR: 3.9, 95%CI: 1.8 - 8.5), not vaccinated against rotavirus (AOR: 10.3, 95%CI: 3.2 - 91.3) and feeding children by hand (AOR: 2.5, 95%CI: 1.1 - 6.1) were significant predictors of diarrhea. Conclusions: This study revealed that the two weeks period prevalence of diarrhea among children under-five years was 16.4%. Education programs on the importance of vaccination against rotavirus, increasing breast feeding frequency with complementary food after six months and the critical points of hand washing are recommended.

Trading Equality for Health? Evaluating the Trade-off and Institutional Hypotheses on Health Inequalities in the Global South

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Sosnaud ◽  
Jason Beckfield
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global South ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Inequality In Health ◽  
Small Increments ◽  
Using Data

It has been suggested that as medicine advances and mortality declines, socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes will grow. Yet, most research on this topic uses data from affluent Western democracies, where mortality is declining in small increments. We argue that the Global South represents the ideal setting to study this issue in a context of rapid mortality decline. We evaluate two competing hypotheses: (1) there is a trade-off between population health and health inequality such that reductions in under-five mortality are linked to higher levels of social inequality in health; and (2) institutional interventions that improve under-five mortality, like the expansion of educational systems and public health expenditure, are associated with reductions in inequalities. We test these hypotheses using data on 1,369,050 births in 34 low-income countries in the Demographic and Health Surveys from 1995 to 2012. The results show little evidence of a health-for-equality trade-off and instead support the institutional hypothesis.

scholarly journals What Influences Urban Mothers’ Decisions on What to Feed Their Children Aged Under Five—The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Berhane ◽  
Eva-Charlotte Ekström ◽  
Magnus Jirström ◽  
Yemane Berhane ◽  
Christopher Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Urban Mothers ◽  
Nutrition And Diet

Mothers carry the prime responsibility for childcare and feeding in low-income countries. Understanding their experiences in providing food for their children is paramount to informing efforts to improve the nutritional status of children. Such information is lacking in Sub-Saharan Africa. To understand what influences urban mothers’ food acquisition and their motivations for selecting food for their children, 36 in-depth interviews were carried out with mothers having children under five years of age. Interviews were conducted in the local language, audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis which led to the identification of four major themes: mothers give-in to a child-driven diet; quick-fix versus the privilege of planning; keen awareness on food safety, nutrition, and diet diversity; and social, familial, and cultural influences. The findings indicate that child feeding practices are influenced by interlinked social and environmental factors. Hence, nutrition education campaigns should focus on targeting not only families but also their children. Attention should also be given to food safety regulations, as well as to the much-needed support of mothers who are struggling to ensure their children’s survival in low-income countries.

scholarly journals Global trends in adolescents’ road traffic injury mortality, 1990–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-319184
Author(s):  
Uzma Rahim Khan ◽  
Junaid A Razzak ◽  
Martin Gerdin Wärnberg
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Road Traffic Injury ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Traffic Injury ◽  
Road Users

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the trends of road traffic injury (RTI) mortality among adolescents aged 10–14 years and 15–19 years across different country income levels with respect to the type of road users from 1990 to 2019.MethodsWe conducted an ecological study. Adolescents’ mortality rates from RTIs at the level of high-income countries (HICs), upper-income to middle-income countries (UMICs), lower-income to middle-income countries and low-income countries were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study. Time series were plotted to visualise the trends in mortality rates over the years. We also conducted Poisson regression using road traffic mortality rates as the dependent variable and year as the independent variable to model the trend of the change in the annual mean mortality rate, with incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs.ResultsThere were downward mortality trends in all types of road users and income levels among adolescents from 1990 to 2019. HICs had more pronounced reductions in mortality rates than countries of any other income level. For example, the reduction in pedestrians in HICs was IRR 0.94 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.98), while that in UMICs was IRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.95 to 0.99) in adolescents aged 10-14 years.ConclusionsThere are downward trends in RTI mortality in adolescents from 1990 to 2019 globally at all income levels for all types of road users. The decrease in mortality rates is small but a promising finding. However, prevention efforts should be continued as the burden is still high.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five children in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia 2018: A cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisay Shine ◽  
Sindew Muhamud ◽  
Solomon Adnew ◽  
Alebachew Demelash ◽  
Makda Abate
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Debre Berhan

Abstract Background: Diarrhea is responsible for 525,000 children under-five deaths and 1.7 billion cases globally and is the second leading cause of death among children under-five every year. It is a major public health problem in low income countries like Ethiopia. The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diarrhea and associated risk factors among children under-five in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 420 parent or caretaker/children pairs in Debre Berhan town between 13–18 April 2018. A multi-stage sampling strategy was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pre-tested and structured questionnaires. Data were entered in Epi-info computer software version 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS Window Version-16 for analysis. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the level of significance. Results: The two week prevalence of diarrhea among children under-five was 16.4% (69/351). Children aged 7-11 months (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2 - 15.3), being the second-born child (AOR: 3.9, 95%CI: 1.8 - 8.5), not vaccinated against rotavirus (AOR: 10.3, 95%CI: 3.2 - 91.3) and feeding children by hand (AOR: 2.5, 95%CI: 1.1 - 6.1) were significant predictors of diarrhea. Conclusions: This study revealed that the two weeks period prevalence of diarrhea among children under-five years was 16.4%. Education programs on the importance of vaccination against rotavirus, increasing breast feeding frequency with complementary food after six months and the critical points of hand washing are recommended.

scholarly journals Validity of caregivers’ reports on prior use of antibacterials in children under five years presenting to health facilities in Gulu, northern Uganda

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257328
Author(s):  
Hindum Lanyero ◽  
Moses Ocan ◽  
Celestino Obua ◽  
Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg ◽  
Katureebe Agaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples

Introduction Given the frequent initiation of antibacterial treatment at home by caregivers of children under five years in low-income countries, there is a need to find out whether caregivers’ reports of prior antibacterial intake by their children before being brought to the healthcare facility are accurate. The aim of this study was to describe and validate caregivers’ reported use of antibacterials by their children prior to seeking care at the healthcare facility. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among children under five years seeking care at healthcare facilities in Gulu district, northern Uganda. Using a researcher administered questionnaire, data were obtained from caregivers regarding reported prior antibacterial intake in their children. These reports were validated by comparing them to common antibacterial agents detected in blood and urine samples from the children using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Results A total of 355 study participants had a complete set of data on prior antibacterial use collected using both self-report and LC-MS/MS. Of the caregivers, 14.4% (51/355, CI: 10.9–18.5%) reported giving children antibacterials prior to visiting the healthcare facility. However, LC-MS/MS detected antibacterials in blood and urine samples in 63.7% (226/355, CI: 58.4–68.7%) of the children. The most common antibacterials detected from the laboratory analysis were cotrimoxazole (29%, 103/355), ciprofloxacin (13%, 46/355), and metronidazole (9.9%, 35/355). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value and agreement of self-reported antibacterial intake prior to healthcare facility visit were 17.3% (12.6–22.8), 90.7% (84.3–95.1), 76.5% (62.5–87.2), 38.5% (33.0–44.2) and 43.9% (k 0.06) respectively. Conclusion There is low validity of caregivers’ reports on prior intake of antibacterials by these children. There is need for further research to understand the factors associated with under reporting of prior antibacterial use.

scholarly journals Globalized low-income countries may experience higher COVID-19 mortality rates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Jaffé ◽  
Mabel Ortiz ◽  
Klaus Jaffé
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
International Aid Agencies

AbstractUnderstanding the factors underpinning COVID-19 infection and mortality rates is essential in order to implement actions that help mitigate the current pandemic. Here we evaluate how a suit of 15 climatic and socio-economic variables influence COVID-19 exponential growth-phase infection and mortality rates across 36 countries. We found that imports of goods and services, international tourism and the number of published scientific papers are good predictors of COVID-19 infection rates, indicating that more globalized countries may have experienced multiple and recurrent introductions of the virus. However, high-income countries showed lower mortality rates, suggesting that the consequences of the current pandemic will be worse for globalized low-income countries. International aid agencies could use this information to help mitigate the consequences of the current pandemic in the most vulnerable countries.

Stillbirth and Neonatal mortality in Jordan: Findings from Jordan Stillbirths and Neonatal Deaths Surveillance System (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Khader ◽  
Nihaya Al-Sheyab ◽  
Mohammad Alyahya ◽  
Ziad El-Khatib ◽  
Khulood Shattnawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Neonatal Deaths

BACKGROUND Stillbirth and neonatal mortality declined significantly in high- and some middle- income countries because of the significant improvements in obstetric and neonatal care. Yet, stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates remain high in low-income countries. The main reason for low progress in reducing such stillbirths and neonatal deaths in Jordan is the scarcity of data on causes and contributing factors leading to these deaths. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the rates, causes and risk factors of stillbirth and neonatal mortality in Jordan. METHODS An electronic stillbirth and neonatal deaths surveillance system was established in five large hospitals in Jordan. Data on all births, stillbirths and neonatal deaths and their causes during the period May 2019 – December 2020 were exported from the system and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 29,592 women gave birth to 31,106 babies during a period of 20 months in the selected hospitals. The stillbirth rate was 10.5 per 1,000 total births, the neonatal death rate was 14.2 per 1,000 live births, and the perinatal death rate was 21.4 per 1,000 total births. Of all neonatal deaths, 29.4% died within the first day of life and 77.8% died during the first week of life. For neonatal deaths occurred pre-discharge, the leading causes of death were respiratory and cardiovascular disorders (35.0%), low birth weight and prematurity (32.7%), and congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (19.5%). Almost one third of stillbirths had unspecified cause of death (33.3% of antepartum stillbirths and 28.9% of intrapartum stillbirths). Acute antepartum event was responsible of 27.4% of antepartum stillbirths and acute intrapartum event was responsible for 13.2% of intrapartum stillbirths. Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities contributed to 18.1% of antepartum stillbirths and 34.2% of intrapartum stillbirths. CONCLUSIONS There is a relative stability of stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates in Jordan. Several identified maternal and/or fetal conditions that contributed to stillbirths and/or neonatal deaths in Jordan are preventable. Focused care needs to be directed high-risk pregnant women and to neonates with low birthweight and respiratory problems.

scholarly journals Trends and Determinants of Underweight among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: Data from EDHS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Haile Mekonnen Fenta ◽  
Lijalem Melie Tesfaw ◽  
Muluwerk Ayele Derebe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Anthropometric Index ◽  
The Status ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Mother’S Age

Background and Aims. Malnutrition among under-five children is one of the major causes of death in low-income countries. Accordingly, health sectors in developing countries are providing renewed attention to the status of children’s nutrition. This study sought to explore the trends and identify the determinants of underweight Ethiopian under-five children across time. Methods. The data in the study was obtained from the 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). The study involved 27564 under-five children across Ethiopian regions. The status of underweight is determined using weight for age. This anthropometric index has been categorized as “underweight” (Z-score less than -2) and “not underweight” (Z-score greater or equal to -2). Logistic regression was used for each survey to detect significant determinants of underweight, while multivariate decomposition was used to determine the trends and identified the child, maternal, and household characteristics that are associated with underweight. Result. The survey in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 showed that 41, 33, 29, and 24% of sampled under-five children were underweight, respectively, and after adjusting for confounders, children were more likely to be underweight if they were male (OR=1.16, 95%CI=1.02, 1.33) in 2016 EDHS. Children whose mother’s age is below 20 (OR=5.75, 95%CI=1.44, 23.1)) were more likely to be underweight compared with children whose mother’s age is above 45. Children whose mothers had no education and primary education only (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.05, 2.59 and OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.15, 1.78, respectively) were more likely underweight compared to children whose mothers had higher education. Conclusion. Children’s age, birth weight, mother’s education status, and children’s gender were the most common significant factors of underweight. The prevalence of underweight among under-five children declined over time which leads to an achievement in terms of meeting millennium development goals and nutritional targets. Government and concerned stakeholders should work to maintain this achievement for further reduction of underweight among under-five children.

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