Short‐run changes in rural income inequality: A decomposition analysis

This study investigates the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) equity indices with conventional indices in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) individually and across all BRICS countries to better understand regional economic cooperation. Accordingly, we look at daily returns from 13 July 2013 to 28 February 2018 for the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) ESG indices and MSCI composite indices of the respective countries. To analyze the integration between the ESG equity indices of the sampled countries with their regional and across regional conventional counterparts, the Johansen Co-integration test is employed in this study. Further, the vector error correction model (VECM) is applied to test the causality between the sampled time-series. The impulse response function analysis further explains the impulse responses of each country’s MSCI ESG returns to one standard deviation of innovations to MSCI composite returns of the same country and across countries. Finally, the extent of the MSCI composite returns’ impact on the MSCI ESG returns in the same country indices, and cross-regional indices is examined with variance decomposition analysis. The results suggest that all ESG equity indices are integrated with conventional indices in all BRICS countries. Furthermore, there is a short-or long-run causality between MSCI ESG and MSCI composite equity indices of China and South Africa. Moreover, the study finds only short-run causality between conventional and non-conventional equity indices of Brazil and Russia, whereas we find only long-run causality between India’s non-conventional and conventional equity indices. Finally, the study finds that the all-individual country MSCI ESG equity indices shows a long-run causality with MSCI composite equity indices of all other BRICS countries. The findings also confirm the economic and financial cooperation between the BRICS countries.

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Investment Portfolio, Democratic Accountability, Poverty and Income Inequality Nexus in Pakistan: A Way to Social Sustainability

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6411

Author(s):

Muhammad Shahid Hassan ◽

Haider Mahmood ◽

Muhammad Ibrahim Saeed ◽

Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb ◽

Noman Arshed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Social Sustainability ◽

Data Availability ◽

Democratic Accountability ◽

Investment Portfolio ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽

Short Run

Institutions help to streamline the economic activity-related procedures, where government intervention might be involved. Institutions also play a significant role in social sustainability. The findings using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration for the period from 1984–2019 reveal that investment portfolio and democratic accountability reduce poverty in Pakistan both in the long and short run. Moreover, democratic accountability helps to reduce income inequality, but the investment portfolio’s role is not significant. The literacy rate helps to reduce income inequality, and inflation increases poverty and income inequality. The remittances increase income inequality, and urbanization increases poverty. To eradicate poverty and income inequality, the governments should be accountable for their actions to the general public while they remain in power. If they do not deliver as per their manifestoes, they will not be reelected in the next election. Moreover, there is a dire need to redefine the role of an investment portfolio to reduce the risk of investment. So, investments would increase economic activities and could reduce poverty and income inequality. This study contributes to the literature by inquiring about the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability in social sustainability by reducing poverty and income inequality. This study only considers Pakistan’s economy due to limitations of poverty data availability in other countries. The scope could further be broadened by accessing data for a wider Asia region to test the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability to reduce poverty and income inequality.

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Male Income, Female Income, and Household Income Inequality in Israel: A Decomposition Analysis

Journal of Income Distribution ◽

10.25071/1874-6322.23679 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Ayal Kimhi

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Household Income ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Female Education ◽

Total Income ◽

Good For ◽

Income Variability ◽

Positive Effect

Differentiating between the sensitivity of income inequality to male income and female income and decomposing inequality by income determinants, we find that total income inequality is less sensitive to female income variability or the level of female income, than to male income variability or the level of male income. Uniform increases in education reduce income inequality, with increases in female education having a larger effect than increases in male education. An increase in the population fraction of ethnic minorities has a positive effect on inequality, but this operates mostly through female income. All this suggests that female income is the most adequate target for inequality-reducing policy, and that within-household gender equality is good for reducing income inequality among households.

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The impact of uptake of selected agricultural technologies on rice farmers’ income distribution in Ghana

Agriculture & Food Security ◽

10.1186/s40066-021-00339-0 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Monica Addison ◽

Kwasi Ohene-Yankyera ◽

Patricia Pinamang Acheampong ◽

Camillus Abawiera Wongnaa

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Empirical Result ◽

National Development ◽

Farm Size ◽

Rice Seed ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Rural Income ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Government of Ghana’s effort to reduce income inequality consistently poses a major challenge to public policy formulation. The promotion and dissemination of agricultural technologies as a pathway out of income inequality in rural Ghana have received widespread support. Yet, knowledge about the impact of agricultural technologies on rural income inequality remains low. The objective of the study is to evaluate the link between the uptake of improved rice technologies and income distribution in the study area. Methods This paper uses a survey data from 917 smallholder rice producers in selected communities in Ghana. The study employs the Bourguignon, Fournier, and Gurgand (BFG) selection bias correction model, a two-stage model, to empirically analyse the role of agricultural technologies in rural income distribution. Results The empirical result shows that education, farm size, land ownership, participation in relevant extension training programmes enhance adoption, but gender (female) inhibits uptake of the selected technologies. The empirical result further shows that the uptake of the improved rice seed and fertilizer increases rice farmers’ net revenue significantly. The result further indicates that farmers’ choice of the selected agricultural technologies decreases the sample population income inequality, indicating the uptake of the technologies has an equalizing effect on rice farmers’ income distribution. Conclusion The study concludes that the use of the selected technologies has potential to fight rural poverty in Ghana. The findings have implications for National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) agenda of redistribution of wealth in Ghana.

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Nonfarm Activity And Rural Income Inequality : A Case Study Of Two Provinces In China

10.1596/1813-9450-3811 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xubei Luo ◽

Nong Zhu

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Rural Income

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Income inequality and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from Turkey

Energy & Environment ◽

10.1177/0958305x18793109 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 444-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Caner Demir ◽

Raif Cergibozan ◽

Adem Gök

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Environmental Degradation ◽

Environmental Quality ◽

Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽

Kuznets Curve ◽

Aggregate Consumption ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run ◽

The Impact

The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of income inequality on environmental quality in Turkey within the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework. In order to observe the short-run and long-run effects of income inequality on environmental quality, an autoregressive distributed lag bounds test on CO2 emission has been employed for the period 1963–2011 of Turkey. The results of the analysis reveal that there is a negative association between CO2 emission level and income inequality, which implies that increasing income inequality reduces environmental degradation in Turkey. Hence, a greater inequality in the society leads to less aggregate consumption in the economy due to lower propensity to emit in the richer households resulting in better environmental quality. The findings confirm an argument in the existing literature, which suggests that for developing countries, until a certain level of development, environmental degradation increases as income inequality in the society decreases. The results also confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.

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The Linkage between Chittagong Stock Market and Dhaka Stock Market

10.54728/2112091639050770 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Shahidullah Tasfiq ◽

◽

Nasrin Jahan

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

Stock Markets ◽

Stock Price ◽

Impulse Response Function ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Variance Decomposition ◽

Causality Test ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run ◽

Variance Decomposition Analysis

This paper aims at determining the relationship between the two domestic stock markets of Bangladesh – the Chittagong Stock Market (CSE) and the Dhaka Stock Market (DSE). The daily stock price indices that represent the performance of the two stock markets are collected. In order to find out the interdependent relationship, the Engle-Granger Cointegration test, Granger Causality test, Impulse Response Function, and Variance Decomposition Analysis are employed in this paper. The main finding of this study is that both the stock markets are related in the long run. However, there is a one-way short-run effect from the DSE on the CSE market. The CSE market quickly responds to the shock in the DSE market. But, the DSE market is not responsive to the CSE market. The variance decomposition analysis shows that most of the shocks in the CSE market are explained by its own market. On the other hand, a small number of shocks in the DSE market are explained by the CSE market as well as its own market.

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