Skin Color and Skin Tone Diversity in Human Sexuality Textbook Anatomical Diagrams

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yael R. Rosenstock Gonzalez ◽  
Deana Williams ◽  
Debby Herbenick
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Skin Tone

Layers of Inequality: Unequal Opportunities and Skin Color in Mexico

2021 ◽  
pp. 003464462110441
Author(s):  
Luis Monroy-Gómez-Franco ◽  
Roberto Vélez-Grajales ◽  
Gastón Yalonetzky
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Parental Wealth ◽  
Unequal Opportunities ◽  
Total Inequality ◽  
Total Wealth ◽  
A Share

We document the contribution of skin color toward quantifying inequality of opportunity over a proxy indicator of wealth. Our Ferreira–Gignoux estimates of inequality of opportunity as a share of total wealth inequality show that once parental wealth is included as a circumstance variable, the share of inequality of opportunity rises above 40%, overall and for every age cohort. By contrast, the contribution of skin tone to total inequality of opportunity remains minor throughout.

Egg Donation and Exotic Beauty

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Deomampo
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Egg Donation ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Egg Donor ◽  
Egg Donors ◽  
Donor Egg ◽  
Biological Race ◽  
Racial Hierarchies

Chapter 3 analyzes constructions of skin color and race in intended parents’ narratives about the experience of selecting an egg donor. This chapter shows how egg donors of different backgrounds are differently valued, bolstering social hierarchies. At the same time, the chapter describes the diversity of ways that intended parents approach race and skin tone when choosing an egg donor. In contrast to dominant assumptions that intended parents seek donors who match their own ethnic backgrounds in order to reproduce whiteness, the process of egg donation represented an opportunity for many intended parents to subvert racial hierarchies by selecting Indian donors with darker skin tones. The chapter argues that such narratives, however, misrecognize donor egg selection as an opening to challenge racial hierarchies; instead, such decisions rely on essentialized notions of race and beauty that exoticize Indian women and reflect new articulations of biological race.

Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Ahuja ◽  
Susan L. Ostermann ◽  
Aashish Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Dark Skin ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Indian Politics ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Significance Levels

AbstractAdoration for fair skin color and bias against dark skin color are strong in Indian society. The theory of colorism suggests that, irrespective of a voter’s own phenotype, voters prefer lighter- to darker-skinned candidates. And yet, a substantial number of dark-skinned politicians get elected into office in India. In the first systematic study of voter preferences for candidate skin color in India, we conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were randomly administered one of three treatments based upon candidate skin tone: fair, wheatish (medium-brown), and dark. We find only weak evidence for colorism in the sample as a whole—the fair candidate is supported more than the dark and wheatish candidates, but at only marginal significance levels. This is because color preferences are heterogeneous amongst respondent groups. Dalits and the poor, groups that are darker relative to other groups and have been politically mobilized, exhibit much stronger support for dark candidates than other groups, consistent with a desire for descriptive representation. Amongst those who do not belong to these two groups, including dark respondents, the fair candidate finds more support than the dark candidate. This shows that even in the absence of skin color-based electoral appeals, skin color can emerge as an implicit marker of politically mobilized identities, and that this mobilization can undercut colorism.

My Skin Color Is Not Mi Pecado

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-168
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Dark Skin

This chapter revealed itself as the title of the author's dissertation because of the binary mentality that thrives throughout our country and in our personal experience. On the author's first days after arriving in the United States, she was asked where she had her tanning done. She had never heard such a thing while she was growing up in Mexico nor did she think that she had dark skin because she had always considered herself Blanca/White. It did not mean that during her early twenties she could not see color, just that appearances did not matter as much as the treatment toward her. She was raised by those whose skin color also caused them to be labeled here in the United States as Moreno/Black. The ones who raised her were a Mexican medical pastor and a Güera/White Mexican, nurse, and housewife, and they referred to her, their precious youngster, simply as Brown or—as she likes to call her skin tone—café con leche/milk with coffee. The participants in the study also related that they have faced microaggressions and—in some instances—their professional tenure was in jeopardy.

New approach to the evaluation of skin color of pigmentary lesions using Skin Tone Color Scale

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsuko KONISHI ◽  
Akira KAWADA ◽  
Yoshinobu MORIMOTO ◽  
Asami WATAKE ◽  
Hiromasa MATSUDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Color Scale ◽  
Tone Color

An Ethnographic Investigation of Women’s Perception and Cognition Regarding Skin Color in Pakistan

Anthropos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-416
Author(s):  
Subaita Zubair ◽  
Urwah Ali ◽  
Zuba’a Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Mate Selection ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Dark Skin ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Depth Interviews

The ethnographic study tends to explore female perception concerning diverse skin colors and different connotations associated with it in Pakistan’s society. It is intended to highlight preferable and judgmental cognitions attached with gender skin tone by exploring the reasons which propagate this kind of thinking in culture. A qualitative methodology of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was employed. The sample included late adolescents (aged 18-24) and early adults (24-34) from the area of Islamabad and Rawalpindi (Pakistan). Purposive sampling was applied and thematic analysis was used as a qualitative paradigm. The number of respondents comprised of 15 females of which 5 were gym-goers. This culture has its biased and paradoxical ways when it comes to expectations and objectification genders face with regard to body image, particularly skin complexion. Schemas and biased standards play their role when it comes to judging people on their appearance and attractiveness. Conclusively, according to our study, fair color, attractive looks, and appealing personality always received more favors than obese, dark skin colored sexes. Fair complexion is assumed to open gates to opportunities and incredible chances for females, especially when it comes to mate selection or matrimony.

scholarly journals Methemoglobinemia After Paracetamol Ingestion: A Case Report

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Queirós ◽  
Pedro Salvador ◽  
Ana Ventura ◽  
Daniela Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Polycystic Kidney ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney

Methemoglobinemia is a potentially fatal condition, mainly acquired after intoxication by certain drugs. To this date, only three cases associated with paracetamol have been reported. This case report describes a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis who was self-medicated with acetaminophen for seven days (at a daily dose of 3 g); the patient went to the hospital after noticing the appearance of a diffuse brownish skin tone, without other symptoms. Arterial blood analysis revealed an increase in methemoglobin levels, with biochemistry showing an increase in total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase. Paracetamol was discontinued and on reassessment nine days after the onset of symptoms the patient had a clear improvement in her skin color, with normalization of methemoglobin levels.

TOOTH SHADE & ITS CORRELATION WITH SKIN COLOR – ITS PERCEPTION ON SMILE ATTRACTIVENESS

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
S. Anitha Rao ◽  
Jangala Jahnav ◽  
Heena Firdous ◽  
T. Muralidhar
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Color Code ◽  
Tooth Color ◽  
Natural Teeth ◽  
Shade Guide ◽  
Shade Selection ◽  
Light Medium

Introduction: Shade selection is a crucial step in providing patients with a cosmetic restoration that blends in seamlessly with their dentition. Natural teeth are known to possess different shades. Many factors affect the color of natural teeth. One of the most critical variables and most often ignored is light. Another aspect that can affect the colors of natural teeth is the color imparted by different skin complexions. The objective of this study was to determine if skin tone and tooth color had the same inuence on smile attractiveness. Materials And Methods: A photograph of a woman's smile was digitally modied to obtain 16 images. Using the MAC color code as a reference, the skin tone was changed to four different tones (NW25: light, NC42:light medium, NW43:medium dark, NW50:dark), and the tooth shade was changed to four different tones (A1, A2, A3, A4) using the VITAPAN Classical shade guide. A total of 94 people completed a Google form questionnaire in which they scored each picture on the Visual Analog Scale for attractiveness. Results: Images NW25A1 and NW43A4 obtained the highest and lowest visual analog scale values, respectively. Conclusion: The overall results suggest that, regardless of the skin color, a lighter tooth shade has a major impact on smile attractiveness.

Evaluation of a novel skin tone meter and the correlation between Fitzpatrick skin type and skin color

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caerwyn Ash ◽  
Godfrey Town ◽  
Peter Bjerring ◽  
Samuel Webster
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Skin Type ◽  
Color Chart ◽  
Fitzpatrick Skin Type ◽  
Preliminary Study

AbstractBackground and objective:To evaluate a novel skin tone meter (STM) to categorize skin tones into one of the six categories of the Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) classification system, thus optimizing safety in light-based dermatological procedures. This numerical classification method measures several components; principally the reaction of human skin to ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, which is used to help predict skin response in laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments.Materials and methods:Two-hundred twenty volunteers of varying ethnic origin, age and gender were enrolled in a preliminary study. The subjects’ Fitzpatrick skin type was ascertained by a standardized questionnaire that determined their reaction to significant sunlight exposure. A calibrated prototype STM device (consisting of an optical head at 460 nm, detector, microprocessor, and a liquid crystal display) was used to measure the subjects’ inner arm skin; which typically has little UV exposure and minimal hair, and compared the obtained value with measurements taken from a skin color chart and digital photographs. To evaluate device performance (within subject) across different skin states, a section of skin from the inner arm of a sub-group of eight volunteers was marked into test areas using a template. The skin in each area was then prepared (Results:There was a consistent trend between the STM prototype and the assessed skin tone derived from a proprietary skin color chart against the measurement on skin across a range of skin conditions.Conclusion:The presented preliminary study demonstrated the subjective nature of the FST classification system and the weakness of skin tone self-assessment by an individual, as judged by expert assessors. The FST classification requires an objective measurement to replace the textual description for each skin tone. It may significantly decrease the risk of potential side effects through overtreatment, and extend treatment to a wider patient population with light-based dermatological procedures.

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