Progress from GCSE to A and AS Level: Institutional and gender differences, and trends over time

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Yang ◽  
Geoffrey Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

The Reasons for Suicide in Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lester ◽  
Yukio Saito
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Relationship Problems ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Common Precipitant ◽  
Over Time

A study of the reasons for suicide from 1978 to 1995 in Japan revealed strong trends over time and strong gender differences. For both men and women, suicides due to relationship problems became less common over the period; for men job stress became a more common precipitant, while for women psychiatric disorder became a more common precipitant. Years of high unemployment witnessed higher proportions of suicides due to economic hardship, lending support to the reliability and validity of these data.

Dental Maturation in Children with the Syndrome of Crouzon and Apert

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobus H. Reitsma ◽  
Inge H. Balk-Leurs ◽  
Edwin M. Ongkosuwito ◽  
Evert Wattel ◽  
Birte Prahl-Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Apert Syndrome ◽  
Crouzon Syndrome ◽  
Tooth Formation ◽  
Dental Maturation ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Logistic Functions ◽  
Over Time

Purpose Developing teeth are used to assess maturity and estimate age in a number of disciplines. The purpose of this investigation was to study the dental maturation in children with Crouzon or Apert syndrome compared with nonsyndromic controls. Patients and Methods Records of 40 children with Crouzon syndrome (18 boys and 22 girls, aged 4.0 to 17.9 years) and 28 children with Apert syndrome (10 boys and 18 girls, aged 3.9 to 15.1 years) were referred to the Department of Orthodontics, Cleft Palate Team and Craniofacial Team, Erasmus MC–Sophia. Data from syndromic children were compared with data from 451 nonsyndromic children (225 boys and 226 girls, aged 2.9 to 16.9 years). From panoramic radiographs, dental maturation was determined for patients with Crouzon and Apert syndromes and compared with data collected from control children. Logistic functions were constructed for dental maturation over time for syndromes and gender. Results Statistically significant gender differences in dental maturation scores were found for girls with Crouzon ( P < .05) and Apert syndrome ( P < .05). Patients with Apert syndrome demonstrated a significantly delayed dental maturation ( P < .05), while patients with Crouzon syndrome showed a nonsignificant delay. Conclusions Dental maturation in patients with Apert syndrome was more delayed than in patients with Crouzon syndrome. The delay of tooth formation in patients with Crouzon or Apert syndrome suggests a possible common genetic association.

scholarly journals The Development of Vocational Interests in Early Adolescence: Stability, Change, and State-Trait Components

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110356
Author(s):  
Thomas Gfrörer ◽  
Gundula Stoll ◽  
Sven Rieger ◽  
Ulrich Trautwein ◽  
Benjamin Nagengast
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Stability Change ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Vocational interests predict major life outcomes such as job performance, college major choice, and life goals. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of their development during the crucial years of late childhood and early adolescence, when trait-like interests are starting to develop. The present study investigated the development of vocational interests in a longitudinal sample, comprising N = 3,876 participants—assessed at four time points from ages 11 to 14. Stability, state-trait variance components, mean-level development, and gender differences in mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC) dimensions were examined. Stabilities were moderate for all dimensions, but Realistic, Investigative, Social, and Conventional interests became more stable over time. For Realistic, Artistic, Social, and Conventional interests, the trait variance increased over time. At age 14, all dimensions had substantial trait variance components. The mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Conventional interests decreased over the 3 years (–0.44 <  d < –0.24). Initial gender differences—with girls having higher Artistic and Social interests and boys having higher Realistic and Investigative interests—increased over time. By investigating the development of vocational interests in late childhood and early adolescence, we complement previous findings and provide first insights about state-trait proportions in early adolescence.

scholarly journals The stories that make us: Leaders’ origin stories and temporal identity work

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872672090986
Author(s):  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Alyson Meister ◽  
Brianna Barker Caza
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Women Leaders ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Work Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Leader Identity ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
Four Frames ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

The stories we tell about our origins can shape how we think and act – helping us make sense of and communicate who we have “become” over time. To better understand the role that origin stories play in individuals’ work lives, we explore how 92 men and women leaders make sense of “becoming” a leader (origin stories) and “doing” leadership (enactment stories). We find that, despite the uniqueness of their experiences, their narratives converge around four frames, being, engaging, performing, and accepting, through which they understand, articulate, and enact their leader identities. We theorize that these narrative frames serve as sensemaking and identity work devices which allow them to create temporal coherence, validate their leader identity claims, and offer them behavioral scripts. Our findings also unearth key gender differences in the use of these frames, in that men used the performing frame more often and women tended toward the engaging frame. These findings provide novel insights into the ways in which the gendered context of leadership becomes embedded in leaders’ understandings of who they are and what they intend to do in their roles. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings on scholarly conversations around identity, leadership, and gender.

Birth, marriage and death in illegitimacy: a study in northern Portugal

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Abade ◽  
Jaume Bertranpetit
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
North East ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

SummaryIn populations in which the frequency of illegitimacy is high, illegitimates and legitimates may be subjected to different demographic and social pressures, with social and genetic consequences. A rural population from north-east Portugal is studied and variables from birth, marriage and death records are compared according to the legitimacy of the individuals. The analysis shows important differential demographic patterns in infant and child mortality and in migration prior to and related to marriage, especially in women. Some changes over time and gender differences are also evident.

scholarly journals Job Mobility, Tenure, and Promotions in Political Science PhD-Granting Departments, 2002–2017: Cohort, Gender, and Citation-Count Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-690
Author(s):  
Hannah June Kim ◽  
Bernard Grofman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Citation Count ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Citation Counts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTUsing updated data from 2002 and 2017 on the political science discipline, we show how the cohort and gender composition of US PhD-granting departments has changed dramatically over time. Integrating 2002 and 2017 data, we examine overall patterns and gender differences in job mobility, tenure and promotion, and university prestige level among non-emeritus 2002 faculty, controlling for cohort effects. Even with this control, we find strong gender effects in some of these success dimensions. We then introduce another variable, citation counts, and find that women are consistently less cited than men, with important variations in the pattern across different cohorts. A control for citation counts show that some of these gender differences tend to disappear and we consider possible explanations for these findings.

Effects of Caffeine and Gender on Vigilance and Marksmanship

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (23) ◽  
pp. 1217-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Johnson ◽  
Donna J. Merullo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Sentry duty performance requires both rifle marksmanship accuracy and sufficient attention to detect the infrequent appearance of targets. Research has shown that marksmanship accuracy is in part a function of arm-hand steadiness, that arm-hand steadiness may be better in women than men, and that in men 200 mg caffeine heightens alertness and attenuates vigilance decrements. Study objectives were: (a) evaluate gender differences in speed of target detection and rifle firing accuracy during three hours of simulated sentry duty, and (b) determine if 200 mg caffeine enhances sentry duty performance in women as it has been shown to do in men. Twelve men and 12 women were pre-trained on the Weaponeer M16 Rifle Marksmanship Simulator. During 3-hour test sessions, the participant monitored the target scene of the Weaponeer and fired at targets when they appeared. For both men and women, target detection response time deteriorated with time on sentry duty and vigilance decrements were attenuated by 200 mg caffeine. For men, marksmanship accuracy was constant over time; for women, marksmanship accuracy deteriorated after 1.5 hours.

scholarly journals Laryngeal Cancer in Kazakhstan - Ethnic, Age and Gender Differences over Time

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 7033-7037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurbek Igissinov ◽  
Vera Zatoskikh ◽  
Malcolm Anthony Moore ◽  
Saginbek Igissinov ◽  
Gulmira Aldiyarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Laryngeal Cancer ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (157) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Barajas ◽  
Thorsten Beck ◽  
Mohammed Belhaj ◽  
Sami Ben Naceur
Keyword(s):  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Banking Competition ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Holding Back ◽  
Over Time

The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in interest in financial inclusion, both from policymakers and researchers. This paper surveys the main findings from the literature, documenting the trends over time and gaps that have arisen across regions, income levels, and gender, among others. It points out that structural, as well as policy-related, factors, such as encouraging banking competition or channeling government payments through bank accounts, play an important role, and describes the potential macro and microeconomic benefits that can be derived from greater financial inclusion. It argues that policy should aim to identify and reduce frictions holding back financial inclusion, rather than targeting specific levels of inclusion. Finally, it suggests areas for future research.

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