Effects of Caffeine and Gender on Vigilance and Marksmanship

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (23) ◽  
pp. 1217-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Johnson ◽  
Donna J. Merullo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Sentry duty performance requires both rifle marksmanship accuracy and sufficient attention to detect the infrequent appearance of targets. Research has shown that marksmanship accuracy is in part a function of arm-hand steadiness, that arm-hand steadiness may be better in women than men, and that in men 200 mg caffeine heightens alertness and attenuates vigilance decrements. Study objectives were: (a) evaluate gender differences in speed of target detection and rifle firing accuracy during three hours of simulated sentry duty, and (b) determine if 200 mg caffeine enhances sentry duty performance in women as it has been shown to do in men. Twelve men and 12 women were pre-trained on the Weaponeer M16 Rifle Marksmanship Simulator. During 3-hour test sessions, the participant monitored the target scene of the Weaponeer and fired at targets when they appeared. For both men and women, target detection response time deteriorated with time on sentry duty and vigilance decrements were attenuated by 200 mg caffeine. For men, marksmanship accuracy was constant over time; for women, marksmanship accuracy deteriorated after 1.5 hours.

scholarly journals The stories that make us: Leaders’ origin stories and temporal identity work

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872672090986
Author(s):  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Alyson Meister ◽  
Brianna Barker Caza
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Women Leaders ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Work Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Leader Identity ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
Four Frames ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

The stories we tell about our origins can shape how we think and act – helping us make sense of and communicate who we have “become” over time. To better understand the role that origin stories play in individuals’ work lives, we explore how 92 men and women leaders make sense of “becoming” a leader (origin stories) and “doing” leadership (enactment stories). We find that, despite the uniqueness of their experiences, their narratives converge around four frames, being, engaging, performing, and accepting, through which they understand, articulate, and enact their leader identities. We theorize that these narrative frames serve as sensemaking and identity work devices which allow them to create temporal coherence, validate their leader identity claims, and offer them behavioral scripts. Our findings also unearth key gender differences in the use of these frames, in that men used the performing frame more often and women tended toward the engaging frame. These findings provide novel insights into the ways in which the gendered context of leadership becomes embedded in leaders’ understandings of who they are and what they intend to do in their roles. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings on scholarly conversations around identity, leadership, and gender.

scholarly journals The Road to Parenthood: Income and First Births in Sweden

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Germán Silva
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Income Effect ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

This paper considers the effect of income on the risk of having the first births in Sweden from 1968 to 2009. Variations by gender are given particular atention. The study follows men and women from the moment they turn 18 until they enter parenthood and it is based on register-based data covering the entire population of Sweden. Complementary log-log models show that there is a positive association between income and the risk of childbearing. The association gets stronger over time and the differences between men and women diminish. Gender differences appear when the income effect is related to the demand for work in the economy. An income above the median does not increase the risk of childbearing for women when the demand for work is relatively high.

Successful Reintegration and Mental Health: An Examination of Gender Differences Among Reentering Offenders

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1121-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. Bakken ◽  
Christy A. Visher
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Former Prisoners ◽  
And Gender

Men and women exiting the correctional system represent a population at high risk for mental health problems, and the body of research on the mental health needs of former prisoners is growing. These mental health problems pose challenges for individuals at every stage of the criminal justice process, from arrest to incarceration to reentry and reintegration. This article examines the mental health status and gender differences among a sample of 352 men and women leaving confinement and the role that mental health problems played in shaping their reentry outcomes using data collected between 2002 and 2005. In the year after leaving prison, men and women with mental health problems reported worse health indicators and less satisfactory social factors, such as employment, housing, and family support. The article concludes with a discussion of recommendations for improved policy and practice for assisting former prisoners with mental health problems during reintegration.

The Role of Deceptive Communication and Gender in Shaping Online Dating Interactions

2019 ◽  
pp. 460-474
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Kuzio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Deceptive Communication

Online dating is becoming an increasingly used method for meeting significant others. As the research of lying behavior has advanced so has the technique of detecting the act of lying, especially in the online environment where deception is more likely to happen. The aim of this chapter is to simplify the perception of lying behavior to the general population and examine gender differences of lying behavior, namely, to verify whether one can observe a statistically significant difference in the speech behavior and exploitation of lying cues among men and women. The study shows correlation between gender and deception in online environment.

Gender Differences in Complicated Grief among the Elderly

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Bierhals ◽  
Holly G. Prigerson ◽  
Amy Fasiczka ◽  
Ellen Frank ◽  
Mark Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Stage Theory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Temporal Course ◽  
Over Time

The resolution of grief has been frequently posited to progress through stages. Seventy-one widows and twenty-six widowers bereaved from five months to thirty-seven years were studied to determine if their resolution of grief-related symptoms could be mapped onto a stage theory of grief and to examine if men and women follow the same temporal course. An analysis of variance was used to test for differences in complicated grief symptoms over time and between widows and widowers. Widowers bereaved three years or longer were found to have increased bitterness. By contrast, widows who were bereaved three years and beyond were found to have lower levels of complicated grief. These preliminary findings suggest that grief may not resolve in stages and that symptoms of complicated grief may not decline significantly over time. Rather symptoms of complicated grief appear to remain stable at least for the first three years of bereavement for both men and women but, thereafter, among widowers tend to increase and among widows to decrease.

Illness perceptions among osteoporotic men and women: correlates and gender differences

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Offer Emanuel Edelstein ◽  
Perla Werner ◽  
Rivka Dresner-Pollak ◽  
Karen Tordjman ◽  
Anat Jaffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Illness Perceptions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
And Gender

The Reasons for Suicide in Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lester ◽  
Yukio Saito
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Relationship Problems ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Common Precipitant ◽  
Over Time

A study of the reasons for suicide from 1978 to 1995 in Japan revealed strong trends over time and strong gender differences. For both men and women, suicides due to relationship problems became less common over the period; for men job stress became a more common precipitant, while for women psychiatric disorder became a more common precipitant. Years of high unemployment witnessed higher proportions of suicides due to economic hardship, lending support to the reliability and validity of these data.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Appetite Response to a Satiating Diet

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bédard ◽  
Anne-Marie Hudon ◽  
Vicky Drapeau ◽  
Louise Corneau ◽  
Sylvie Dodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
Analogue Scales ◽  
Over Time

We examined gender differences in appetite sensations when exposed to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) meals and determined whether there are gender differences in the change in the satiating properties of the MedDiet over time. Thirty-eight men and 32 premenopausal women consumed a 4-week isoenergetic MedDiet under controlled conditions. Visual analogue scales were used to measure perceived appetite sensations before and immediately after each meal consumed over the course of one day (Wednesday) of the first and the fourth week of intervention. Women reported greater decreases for desire to eat, hunger, and appetite score than men in response to the consumption of the MedDiet meals (gender-by-meal interactions, resp.,P=0.04,P=0.048, andP=0.03). Fullness and prospective food consumption responses did not significantly differ between men and women. Between the first and the fourth week of intervention, premeal prospective food consumption increased with time in men (P=0.0007) but not in women (P=0.84;Pfor gender-by-time interaction = 0.04). These results indicate gender differences in appetite sensations when exposed to the MedDiet. These results may be useful in order to have a better understanding of gender issues for body weight management.

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