The Reasons for Suicide in Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lester ◽  
Yukio Saito
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Relationship Problems ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Common Precipitant ◽  
Over Time

A study of the reasons for suicide from 1978 to 1995 in Japan revealed strong trends over time and strong gender differences. For both men and women, suicides due to relationship problems became less common over the period; for men job stress became a more common precipitant, while for women psychiatric disorder became a more common precipitant. Years of high unemployment witnessed higher proportions of suicides due to economic hardship, lending support to the reliability and validity of these data.

scholarly journals Personal Digital Health Assistants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Uday Jain ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Working Day

The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant. Responsibility at work increased up to 58.2% and 54.5%, respectively in dynamics among young men and women. In 2016-17, the perception of responsibility at the workplace returned to the semblance of 1988 without gender differences. Regarding changes in the workplace, in 1988, the most frequent were "change of salary" and "change of workplace" for both sexes. Men more often than women indicated conflicts with their superiors and subordinates. In 2013, the change of workplace was reported more often than changes in salary (especially in the youngest group of 25-34 years old) but in 2017 these answers correlated with each other, amounting to 11-12%. No gender differences were observed. In 2013-16, share of men and women who reduced their workload increased to 20%. This proportion decreased in 2016-17. And the trend towards an increase in workload at the workplace moved at a faster pace, especially among middle-aged and older men. The proportion of women who cannot relax and rest after usual working day in the period from 1988 to 2013-16 was stable at 38-39%; but by 2016-2017 it decreased by a third. The proportion of such men has been growing over 29 years and began to exceed women by 10% in 2016-17. Conclusions: Both genders began to perform additional work tasks more often and to assess their responsibility at work as high over 29 years of observations. There is a trend towards eliminating of sex differences.

scholarly journals The Road to Parenthood: Income and First Births in Sweden

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Germán Silva
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Income Effect ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

This paper considers the effect of income on the risk of having the first births in Sweden from 1968 to 2009. Variations by gender are given particular atention. The study follows men and women from the moment they turn 18 until they enter parenthood and it is based on register-based data covering the entire population of Sweden. Complementary log-log models show that there is a positive association between income and the risk of childbearing. The association gets stronger over time and the differences between men and women diminish. Gender differences appear when the income effect is related to the demand for work in the economy. An income above the median does not increase the risk of childbearing for women when the demand for work is relatively high.

Gender Differences in Complicated Grief among the Elderly

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Bierhals ◽  
Holly G. Prigerson ◽  
Amy Fasiczka ◽  
Ellen Frank ◽  
Mark Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Stage Theory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Temporal Course ◽  
Over Time

The resolution of grief has been frequently posited to progress through stages. Seventy-one widows and twenty-six widowers bereaved from five months to thirty-seven years were studied to determine if their resolution of grief-related symptoms could be mapped onto a stage theory of grief and to examine if men and women follow the same temporal course. An analysis of variance was used to test for differences in complicated grief symptoms over time and between widows and widowers. Widowers bereaved three years or longer were found to have increased bitterness. By contrast, widows who were bereaved three years and beyond were found to have lower levels of complicated grief. These preliminary findings suggest that grief may not resolve in stages and that symptoms of complicated grief may not decline significantly over time. Rather symptoms of complicated grief appear to remain stable at least for the first three years of bereavement for both men and women but, thereafter, among widowers tend to increase and among widows to decrease.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Appetite Response to a Satiating Diet

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bédard ◽  
Anne-Marie Hudon ◽  
Vicky Drapeau ◽  
Louise Corneau ◽  
Sylvie Dodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
Analogue Scales ◽  
Over Time

We examined gender differences in appetite sensations when exposed to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) meals and determined whether there are gender differences in the change in the satiating properties of the MedDiet over time. Thirty-eight men and 32 premenopausal women consumed a 4-week isoenergetic MedDiet under controlled conditions. Visual analogue scales were used to measure perceived appetite sensations before and immediately after each meal consumed over the course of one day (Wednesday) of the first and the fourth week of intervention. Women reported greater decreases for desire to eat, hunger, and appetite score than men in response to the consumption of the MedDiet meals (gender-by-meal interactions, resp.,P=0.04,P=0.048, andP=0.03). Fullness and prospective food consumption responses did not significantly differ between men and women. Between the first and the fourth week of intervention, premeal prospective food consumption increased with time in men (P=0.0007) but not in women (P=0.84;Pfor gender-by-time interaction = 0.04). These results indicate gender differences in appetite sensations when exposed to the MedDiet. These results may be useful in order to have a better understanding of gender issues for body weight management.

Quantifying gender distances in education, occupation and employment

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Symeonaki ◽  
Celestine Filopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vertical Segregation ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of gender in education, occupation and employment in Southern Europe and more specifically in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The goal is to provide measures that can trace gender differences with respect to their educational and employment features in these countries, explore whether these differences converge over time and compare the patterns observed in each country given their socio-economic similarities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses raw data drawn from the European Social Survey (ESS) for the decade 2002-2012. It provides a method for quantifying gender differences in education, occupation and employment and their evolution over time based on distance measures. Findings The results reveal that gender distances in education have gradually subsided in these countries. However, occupational choices differ steadily over the years for all countries. The paper provides, therefore, solid evidence that equalizing the level of education between men and women during those years did not result in a decrease in the occupational distances between them. Moreover, based on the latest round the findings suggest that men and women are equally likely to having experienced unemployment within the last five years. Research limitations/implications Further research could be done to include results based on raw data from the seventh round of the ESS. This may provide valuable information for Spain and Portugal who did participate in this round. Social implications This research implies that more needs to be done to accelerate progress in order to achieve gender occupational equality in Southern Europe. Originality/value This paper draws attention to issues concerning gender differences in education, horizontal and vertical segregation and employment for which it provides distance measures and evidence of how they have evolved over time, based on raw data analysis from the ESS.

Development of the Coaching Issues Survey (CIS)

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty C. Kelley ◽  
Timothy Baghurst
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Validity Evidence ◽  
Stress Appraisal ◽  
Program Success ◽  
Situational Variable ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Over Time

The Coaching Issues Survey (CIS) was developed to measure sport/coaching-specific issues that may produce stress within the coaching role and situation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure with a sample of collegiate basketball coaches. The four separate, but related subscales of Win-Loss, Time-Role, Program-Success, and Athlete-Concerns demonstrated high internal consistency and good stability over time. The CIS was sensitive to gender differences and paralleled differences noted with stress and burnout measures. The CIS was quite predictive of stress appraisal and slightly predictive of burnout, providing evidence for construct validity as a personal/situational variable within the current theoretical conceptualizations of the stress and burnout process. The initial reliability and validity evidence suggests that the CIS can be a valuable measure of potentially problematic issues for coaches, facilitating the investigation of stress and burnout in coaching.

scholarly journals The stories that make us: Leaders’ origin stories and temporal identity work

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872672090986
Author(s):  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Alyson Meister ◽  
Brianna Barker Caza
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Women Leaders ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Work Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Leader Identity ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
Four Frames ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

The stories we tell about our origins can shape how we think and act – helping us make sense of and communicate who we have “become” over time. To better understand the role that origin stories play in individuals’ work lives, we explore how 92 men and women leaders make sense of “becoming” a leader (origin stories) and “doing” leadership (enactment stories). We find that, despite the uniqueness of their experiences, their narratives converge around four frames, being, engaging, performing, and accepting, through which they understand, articulate, and enact their leader identities. We theorize that these narrative frames serve as sensemaking and identity work devices which allow them to create temporal coherence, validate their leader identity claims, and offer them behavioral scripts. Our findings also unearth key gender differences in the use of these frames, in that men used the performing frame more often and women tended toward the engaging frame. These findings provide novel insights into the ways in which the gendered context of leadership becomes embedded in leaders’ understandings of who they are and what they intend to do in their roles. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings on scholarly conversations around identity, leadership, and gender.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Territorial Efficiency of European Funds as an Instrument to Reduce Labor Gender Differences

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Miguel Blanco ◽  
Lydia Bares ◽  
Oksana Hrynevych ◽  
Marcos Ferasso
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Union ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Previous Period ◽  
Over Time

Gender equality has been one of the goals of the European Union since 1957. Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union authorizes the European Parliament and the Council to adopt all those measures that guarantee the application of the principle of equality opportunities and equal treatment for men and women in employment and occupation matters. The main goal of this article was to determine whether the use of European Funds by Eurozone countries has made it possible to reduce labor differences in gender matters. To this end, the efficiency levels of the Funds are analyzed in two different periods, 2007 to 2013 and 2014 to 2020. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a methodology frequently used by researchers in efficiency analyses, was applied. Among the main conclusions obtained are that the efficiency levels from the period 2014 to 2020 have been higher than that obtained in the previous period, but there are significant and persistent differences over time in the levels of gender efficiency between the different countries of the Eurozone.

Gender, Prisons, and Prison History

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Hahn Rafter
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Male Prisoners ◽  
Over Time

Since the publication in 1936 of Blake McKelvey’s American Prisons (1972), social historians have developed a sizeable body of work that traces, and in some cases tries to explain, the evolution of U.S. penal institutions. These studies are important for what they tell us about perceptions of social problems in the past. They also have policy implications, indicating the historical roots of current dilemmas and alternative approaches to penal problems. Nearly all of these studies are limited, however, by their blindness to gender differences between prisons for men and women. Written mainly by men, prison histories have focused nearly exclusively on male prisoners. Perhaps their authors would argue that this bias is natural and insignificant since over time the vast majority of prisoners have been male. But by overlooking the variable of gender, prison historians have ignored an important influence on the nature and development of penal institutions.

The Kaleidoscope Career Model Revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Mainiero ◽  
Donald E. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Career Stages ◽  
Career Transitions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Career Model ◽  
Over Time

This study revisits the parameters of authenticity, balance, and challenge in The Kaleidoscope Career Model (KCM) concerning gender differences in midcareer. Unemployed individuals were surveyed ( n = 744) to determine gender differences in the three parameters across five segmented career stages. The results showed variance in the Authenticity, Balance and Challenge (ABC) parameters across career stages by gender, with balance increasingly important in full midcareer for women but of lesser importance for men. Authenticity showed a similar pattern for men and women, with authenticity rising for women and declining for men in very late career as predicted by the model. Challenge remained consistent for men and women, declining in importance over time. The study contribution offers sharper resonance of the KCM through closely segmented midlife career stages for an unemployed population undergoing career transitions.

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