The impact of functional responsibility and state legal constraints on the “revenue-debt” packages of U.S. Central cities

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Mactdanus
Keyword(s):  
Central Cities ◽  
Functional Responsibility ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
The Impact

Impacts of high-speed railway on the industrial pollution emissions in China

Kybernetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 2713-2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Fan ◽  
Yingzhi Xu ◽  
Yongqing Nan ◽  
Baoli Li ◽  
Haiya Cai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of high-speed railway (HSR) on industrial pollution emissions using the data for 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2016. Design/methodology/approach The research method used in this paper is the multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model, which is an effective policy effect assessment method. To further address the issue of endogeneity, the DID integrated with the propensity score matching (PSM-DID) approach is employed to eliminate the potential self-selection bias. Findings The results show that the HSR has significantly reduced industrial pollution emissions, which is validated by several robustness tests. Compared with peripheral cities, HSR exerts a greater impact on industrial pollution emissions in central cities. In addition, the mechanism test reveals that the optimised allocation of inter-city industries is an important channel for HSR to mitigate industrial pollution emissions, and this is closely related to the location of HSR stations. Originality/value Previous studies have paid more attention to evaluating the economic effects of HSR, however, most of these studies overlook its environmental effects. Consequently, the impact of HSR on industrial pollution emissions is led by using multi-period DID models in this paper, in which the environmental effects are measured. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the pollution reduction policies and also the coordinated development of economic growth and environmental quality.

Privacy and the Internet

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
Government Surveillance ◽  
Online Traffic ◽  
The Right ◽  
Power Needs ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 14 deals with privacy, surveillance, and the right to know in the context of the internet. Edward Snowden’s disclosures of thousands of classified documents from the US National Security Agency served as a wake-up call. People are beginning to realize that government surveillance is widespread and intrusive, and that this intrusive power needs to be subject to legal safeguards. The chapter considers the legal constraints governing UK legislation and the impact of the decision in the Digital Rights Ireland case that EU Directive 2006/24/EC, which provided for the mass retention and disclosure of individuals’ online traffic data, is invalid. It considers the recent English cases and concludes by examining the framework which has been suggested for regulating the turbulent digital age in which we now live, drawing on David Anderson QC’s report ‘A Question of Trust’ and the European Court’s decision in the Google Spain case.

scholarly journals Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Nivette ◽  
Manuel Eisner ◽  
Denis Ribeaud
Keyword(s):  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Conditional Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
Moral Neutralization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: This study examines the influence of collective strain on support for violent extremism among an ethnically diverse sample of Swiss adolescents. This study explores two claims derived from general strain theory: (1) Exposure to collective strain is associated with higher support for violent extremism and (2) the effect of collective strain is conditional on perceptions of moral and legal constraints. Methods: This study uses data from two waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youth. We use ordinary least squares procedures to regress violent extremist attitudes at age 17 on strain, moral and legal constraints, and control variables measured at ages 15 to 17. Conditional effects were examined using an interaction term for collective strain and moral neutralization and legal cynicism, respectively. Results: The results show that collective strain does not have a direct effect on violent extremist attitudes once other variables are controlled. However, the degree to which individuals neutralize moral and legal constraints amplifies the impact of collective strain on violent extremist attitudes. Conclusions: This study shows that those who already espouse justifications for violence and rule breaking are more vulnerable to extremist violent pathways, particularly when exposed to collective social strife, conflict, and repression.

scholarly journals Spatial differentiation of the impact of high-speed rail on aviation passenger market in central cities of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1665-1674
Author(s):  
Shaobo WANG ◽  
Jianke GUO ◽  
Xiaolong LUO ◽  
Zongni GU ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Location of Cows and Pigs in Suburban Areas of Polish Metropolitan Centers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2619
Author(s):  
Benedykt Pepliński
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
Housing Density ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The Impact

The main aim of this paper was to assess the impact of socioeconomic and agricultural factors on cow and pig density in suburban areas located up to 50 km from the 11 biggest cities in Poland. This study relied on data retrieved from all municipalities located within 50 km from central cities. The impact of the previously mentioned socioeconomic and agricultural factors was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis. This study shows that the lowest cow and pig density was recorded in the two inner rings. From 1996 to 2010, the gap between them and the levels recorded in other rings became much more pronounced. The analysis only corroborated the high correlation between livestock (cow and pig) density and the share of corresponding livestock farms in the total number of farms as well as the average herd size. Regarding other agricultural and socioeconomic factors, the correlation was weak or low except for a moderate correlation between the entrepreneurship indicator and pig density. The regression analysis demonstrated that the share of cow and pig farms in the total number of farms, average herd size, residential housing density, and unemployment rate had a significant impact on the density of animal groups considered.

2. Stop and search

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-109
Author(s):  
Alpa Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Police Culture ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
Exercise Of Discretion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stop And Search

This chapter examines the powers of the police to stop and search people in the context of an initial discussion of police culture and discretion in general. The development of greater powers over the last 35 years since the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced is charted. The chapter considers whether stop and search is racially discriminatory; the constraints and controls on the exercise of discretion; and the impact of stop-search powers. It argues that the working assumptions based on ‘suspiciousness’—i.e. hunch, incongruity, and stereotyping on the basis of types of people, previous records, and so forth—still play as important a part in influencing the exercise of discretion as do legal constraints. This is all true even when responding to citizen reports of suspected offences.

scholarly journals White Flight and Central-City Loss: Application of an Analytic Migration Framework

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
W H Frey
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Central City ◽  
Community Level ◽  
White Flight ◽  
White Population ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
City Population ◽  
The Impact

This paper utilizes an analytic migration framework to assess the aggregate impact of selected community-level factors on white population losses experienced in central cities of large metropolitan areas. The framework identifies analytically distinct components of local and long-distance migration streams which contribute directly to central-city population change. Each component can be specified as a function of community-level attributes which are relevant to the explanation of specific in- and out-movement streams. In this application, previously advanced racial and nonracial attributes of central cities and their surrounding suburbs are used to estimate framework components based on 1970 census data for white movement streams associated with the central cities of large SMSAs. These estimates are then used to ascertain the impact that the central-city racial composition exerts on net white out-migration from selected cities. The data demonstrate that the aggregate impact of racially linked ‘white flight’ has been minimal.

scholarly journals Research on the Impact of Industrial Development on Energy Utilization Efficiency under the Background of Urban Agglomeration Planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 283 ◽  
pp. 02026
Author(s):  
Yuan Zheng ◽  
Bo Yue ◽  
Xuesong Han ◽  
Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
The Impact

At present, the trend of central cities leading the development of urban agglomerations and urban agglomerations driving regional development is becoming more and more significant. Based on the panel data of 16 cities in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2015, this paper uses a fixedeffect model to study the relationship between industrial development and energy efficiency in urban agglomerations, central cities, and surrounding cities. The empirical results show that for the overall urban agglomerations, central cities and surrounding cities, the scale of the secondary industry has a negative correlation with energy consumption per unit of GDP. Industrial development will increase the total energy consumption, but it also contributes to energy efficiency. In order to achieve the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality", cities must find a balance in development and seek ecological protection during development.

scholarly journals Political Fragmentation & Economic Growth in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Money Income ◽  
Political Fragmentation ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Special District ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact of local political fragmentation on population, employment, and per capita money income growth in 314 U.S. metropolitan areas. The results are mixed. Smaller central cities and more special district overlap are important for population growth. The find- ings do not generalize to employment or per capita money income growth. These findings mask important regional variation: political fragmentation is largely unrelated to economic growth in Midwestern and Western metropolitan areas. These results partially support the hypothesis that governmental fragmentation can enhance local economic growth; however, the overall impact appears muted relative to a metropolitan area’s economic characteristics

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