Local governance and urban prospects: The potential of City Pride

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwyndaf Williams
Keyword(s):  
Urban Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
City Marketing ◽  
Project Investment ◽  
Business Elites ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Recent Developments

Outline The recent re-alignment of urban policy, involving the promotion of a diversity of public-private partnerships, a fostering of local business elites, and the increasing importance of city marketing and image reconstruction, all point in the direction of a "new localism" in urban regeneration. Focusing on the potential of the recent City Pride initiative in building up consensual and holistic "visions" of Britain's main cities, the following set of papers assess the role of the "urban prospectus" in fostering local coalitions and the benefits of mutuality in order to address issues of resource procurement and allocation. The potential of this new approach for targeting large-scale programme and project investment in the local economy, infrastructural priorities and aspects of social cohesion are all considered by the contributing authors, who look specifically at recent developments in London, Manchester and Birmingham.

Repression of Islamists and Authoritarian Survival in the Arab World: A Case Study of Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Lachapelle
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
State Repression ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Authoritarian Survival

This chapter explores the causes of state repression against Islamist organizations in the Arab world. Advancing a rich literature on state repression, authoritarianism, and Islamist politics, it proposes a new approach that centers on the role of non-Islamist audiences for explaining the repression of Islamists. Specifically, the chapter argues that when society is divided between non-Islamists and Islamists, an autocrat can repress Islamists to signal a commitment to non-Islamists to protect them from perceived threats by Islamists. It provides supporting evidence from Egypt, which shows how large-scale repression directed at the Muslim Brotherhood after the coup of 2013 served to cultivate the support of non-Islamists.

Neurofuzzy Anticipatory Systems: A New Approach to Intelligent Control

1997 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 365-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lefteri H. Tsoukalas
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Anticipatory Control ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Anticipatory Systems

Anticipatory systems are systems whose change of state is based on information about present as well as future states. Planning and acting on the basis of anticipations of the future is an omnipresent feature of human control strategies, deeply permeating our daily experience and considered as the hallmark of natural intelligence. Yet, as the eminent mathematical biologist Robert Rosen has pointed out in his book Anticipatory Systems (1985), such control strategies are curiously absent from existing formal approaches to automatic control and decision-making processes. Recent developments in biology, ethology and cognitive sciences, however, as well as advancements in the technology of computer-based predictive models, compel us to reconsider the role of anticipation in intelligent systems and to the extent possible incorporate it in our formal approaches to control. Significant improvements in neural predictive computing when combined with the flexibility of fuzzy systems, supports the development of neurofuzzy anticipatory control architectures that integrate planning and control sequencing functions with feedback control algorithms. A review of the role of anticipation in intelligent systems and a new approach for neurofuzzy anticipatory control using radial basis neural predictive models and fuzzy if/then rules is presented.

scholarly journals Bulk Collection

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Personal Privacy ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Systematic Collection ◽  
Initial Research

In June 2013, Edward Snowden revealed a secret US government program that collected records on every phone call made in the country. Further disclosures followed, detailing mass surveillance by the UK as well. Journalists and policymakers soon began discussing large-scale programs in other countries. Over two years before the Snowden leaks began, Cate and Dempsey had started researching systematic collection. Leading an initiative sponsored by The Privacy Projects, they commissioned a series of country reports, asking national experts to uncover what they could about government demands that telecommunications providers and other private-sector companies disclose information about their customers in bulk. Their initial research found disturbing indications of systematic access in countries around the world. These programs, often undertaken in the name of national security, were cloaked in secrecy and largely immune from oversight, posing serious threats to personal privacy. After the Snowden leaks, the project morphed into something more ambitious: an effort to explore what should be the rules for government access to data and how companies should respond to those demands within the framework of corporate responsibility. This volume concludes the nearly six-year project. It assembles 12 country reports, updated to reflect recent developments. One chapter presents both descriptive and normative frameworks for analyzing national surveillance laws. Others examine international law, human rights law, and oversight mechanisms. Still others explore the concept of accountability and the role of encryption in shaping the surveillance debate. In their conclusion, Cate and Dempsey offer recommendations for both government and industry.

The Global Experience in Special Economic Zones

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-261
Author(s):  
Thomas Farole
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Special Economic Zones ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Over Time

This chapter provides a global, historical overview of the role of special economic zones (SEZs) in supporting industrialization, showing that approaches, experiences, and results vary widely across countries and over time, and identifying a number of key lessons on what differentiates successful from unsuccessful SEZ programmes. Amongst these lessons, the chapter highlights the importance of political support, location decisions, aligning the incentives of key stakeholders, strategic flexibility, and local economy integration over time. Perhaps most importantly, it argues that SEZs which successfully supported industrialization have aligned their SEZ offering with comparative advantage and have used the flexibility of the SEZ instrument in a targeted way to overcome critical constraints to large-scale private investment.

scholarly journals On Quantifying and Understanding the Role of Ethics in AI Research: A Historical Account of Flagship Conferences and Journals

10.29007/74gj ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Prates ◽  
Pedro Avelar ◽  
Luis Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Work And Employment ◽  
And Robotics ◽  
Do So

Recent developments in AI, Machine Learning and Robotics have raised concerns about the ethical consequences of both academic and industrial AI research. Leading academics, businessmen and politicians have voiced an increasing number of questions about the con- sequences of AI not only over people, but also on the large-scale consequences on the the future of work and employment, its social consequences and the sustainability of the planet. In this work, we analyse the use and the occurrence of ethics-related research in leading AI, machine learning and robotics venues. In order to do so we perform long term, historical corpus-based analyses on a large number of flagship conferences and journals. Our experiments identify the prominence of ethics-related terms in published papers and presents several statistics on related topics. Finally, this research provides quantitative evidence on the pressing ethical concerns of the AI community.

Developing Frameworks for Examining Community Participation in a Multi-Level Environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Smith ◽  
Helen Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
Community Governance ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Multi Level

The purpose of this paper is to explore public participation from the perspective of two parallel developments in English urban governance since 1997: namely the attempts to modernise local government and area-based approaches employed to tackle social exclusion. The paper will situate these developments within a system of multi-level governance and highlight the significance of the locality-neighbourhood axis. The paper seeks to explicate current changes by drawing on theories of governance. The emphasis on mechanisms that bring together relevant local interests to secure coherence and stability in matters of local governance, combined with the specific focus on the role of citizens and communities as key partners in these arrangements resonates strongly with the key concerns of regime theory. The strengths and limitations of regime theory are discussed with particular reference to matters of contextual specificity. Community Governance is then introduced as a means of better understanding the institutional framework of English localities and, we argue, of providing a sounder basis for the application of regime theory. More powerful still is the potential synthesis of regime approaches with different interpretations of community governance and the paper concludes by drawing on recent developments in English localities to elaborate the potential offered by the this synthesised framework.

Evolution of the Mode of Nutrition in Symbiotic and Saprotrophic Fungi in Forest Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lebreton ◽  
Qingchao Zeng ◽  
Shingo Miyauchi ◽  
Annegret Kohler ◽  
Yu-Cheng Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Future Potential

In this review, we highlight the main insights that have been gathered from recent developments using large-scale genomics of fungal saprotrophs and symbiotrophs (including ectomycorrhizal and orchid and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi) inhabiting forest ecosystems. After assessing the goals and motivations underlying our approach, we explore our current understanding of the limits and future potential of using genomics to understand the ecological roles of these forest fungi. Comparative genomics unraveled the molecular machineries involved in lignocellulose decomposition in wood decayers, soil and litter saprotrophs, and mycorrhizal symbionts. They also showed that transitions from saprotrophy to mutualism entailed widespread losses of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes; diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes; and convergent evolution of genetic innovations that facilitate the accommodation of mutualistic symbionts within their plant hosts. We also identify the major questions that remain unanswered and propose new avenues of genome-based research to understand the role of soil fungi in sustainable forest ecosystems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Magnetic fields in astrophysical objects

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1884) ◽  
pp. 4453-4464 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J Silvers
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Accretion Discs ◽  
Weak Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale Magnetic Field ◽  
Astrophysical Objects ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic fields are known to reside in many astrophysical objects and are now believed to be crucially important for the creation of phenomena on a wide variety of scales. However, the role of the magnetic field in the bodies that we observe has not always been clear. In certain situations, the importance of a magnetic field has been overlooked on the grounds that the large-scale magnetic field was believed to be too weak to play an important role in the dynamics. In this article I discuss some of the recent developments concerning magnetic fields in stars, planets and accretion discs. I choose to emphasize some of the situations where it has been suggested that weak magnetic fields may play a more significant role than previously thought. At the end of the article, I list some of the questions to be answered in the future.

scholarly journals Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Maria Ponti ◽  
Helen O’Horan ◽  
Yevgeni Berzak ◽  
Ivan Vulić ◽  
Roi Reichart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Discrete Nature

Linguistic typology aims to capture structural and semantic variation across the world’s languages. A large-scale typology could provide excellent guidance for multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly for languages that suffer from the lack of human labeled resources. We present an extensive literature survey on the use of typological information in the development of NLP techniques. Our survey demonstrates that to date, the use of information in existing typological databases has resulted in consistent but modest improvements in system performance. We show that this is due to both intrinsic limitations of databases (in terms of coverage and feature granularity) and under-utilization of the typological features included in them. We advocate for a new approach that adapts the broad and discrete nature of typological categories to the contextual and continuous nature of machine learning algorithms used in contemporary NLP. In particular, we suggest that such an approach could be facilitated by recent developments in data-driven induction of typological knowledge.

scholarly journals Role of Non-Timber Forest Products in Local Economy: A Case of Jajarkot District, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Rakshya Lamichhane ◽  
Deepak Gautam ◽  
Mahamad Sayab Miya ◽  
Hom Bahadur Chhetri ◽  
Sachin Timilsina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
High Possibility ◽  
India And China

Non-timber forest products are the major source of income for mountainous countries like Nepal. This article attempts to explore a case of traded non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Jajarkot district and its contribution to the economy. Collection of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and resin tapping are some of the major sources of employment for a large number of rural people. 53 different types of NTFPs are traded from the Jajarkot district. Local people collect these NTFPs from the forest and export them within and outside the district mainly to India and China. Jajarkot district on average exported 1,590,681.72 kg NTFPs worth NRs. 3,819,271.6 (equivalent to USD 32,081.88) from the year 2015 to 2020 to the national economy through royalty. NRs. 2,246,719.4 (equivalent to USD 18,872.44) per year came from MAPs and NRs. 1,572,552.2 (equivalent to USD 13,209.4) from resin during the years 2015 to 2020. If this district could produce all the commonly available NTFPs in a large scale, then there would be a high possibility of transforming the current unviable economy into a practical and vibrant economy. A proper inventory, identification and sustainable harvesting, are essential to promote and conserve these NTFPs.

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