Individual stopping times and cognitive control: Converging evidence for the stop signal task from a continuous tracking paradigm

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Morein-Zamir ◽  
Nachshon Meiran
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stopping Times ◽  
Stop Signal Task

scholarly journals “Distinct roles of dorsal and ventral subthalamic neurons in action selection and cancellation.”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton P. Mosher ◽  
Adam N. Mamelak ◽  
Mahsa Malekmohammadi ◽  
Nader Pouratian ◽  
Ueli Rutishauser
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Behavioral Outcome ◽  
Motor Cortical ◽  
Subthalamic Neurons

AbstractThe subthalamic nucleus (STN) supports action selection by inhibiting all motor programs except the desired one. Recent evidence suggests that STN can also cancel an already selected action when goals change, a key aspect of cognitive control. However, there is little neurophysiological evidence for a dissociation between selecting and cancelling actions in the human STN. We recorded single neurons in the STN of humans performing a stop-signal task. Movement-related neurons suppressed their activity during successful stopping whereas stop-signal neurons activated at low-latencies regardless of behavioral outcome. In contrast, STN and motor-cortical beta-bursting occurred only later in the stopping process. Task-related neuronal properties varied by recording location from dorsolateral movement to ventromedial stop-signal tuning. Therefore, action selection and cancellation coexist in STN but are anatomically segregated. These results show that human ventromedial STN neurons carry fast stop-related signals suitable for implementing cognitive control.

scholarly journals Dissociable Processes of Cognitive Control during Error and Non-Error Conflicts: A Study of the Stop Signal Task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e13155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia M. Hendrick ◽  
Jaime S. Ide ◽  
Xi Luo ◽  
Chiang-shan R. Li
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task

Exercise Improves Cognitive Control: Evidence from the Stop Signal Task

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepcion Padilla ◽  
Laura Perez ◽  
Pilar Andres ◽  
Fabrice B. R. Parmentier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task

scholarly journals The Phenomenology of Error Processing: The Dorsal ACC Response to Stop-signal Errors Tracks Reports of Negative Affect

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1753-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Spunt ◽  
Matthew D. Lieberman ◽  
Jessica R. Cohen ◽  
Naomi I. Eisenberger
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Within Subject Variability

A reliable observation in neuroimaging studies of cognitive control is the response of dorsal ACC (dACC) to events that demand increased cognitive control (e.g., response conflicts and performance errors). This observation is apparently at odds with a comparably reliable association of the dACC with the subjective experience of negative affective states such as pain, fear, and anxiety. Whereas “affective” associates of the dACC are based on studies that explicitly manipulate and/or measure the subjective experience of negative affect, the “cognitive” associates of dACC are based on studies using tasks designed to manipulate the demand for cognitive control, such as the Stroop, flanker, and stop-signal tasks. Critically, extant neuroimaging research has not systematically considered the extent to which these cognitive tasks induce negative affective experiences and, if so, to what extent negative affect can account for any variance in the dACC response during task performance. While undergoing fMRI, participants in this study performed a stop-signal task while regularly reporting their experience of performance on several dimensions. We observed that within-subject variability in the dACC response to stop-signal errors tracked changes in subjective frustration throughout task performance. This association remained when controlling for within-subject variability in subjective reports of cognitive engagement and several performance-related variables indexing task difficulty. These results fit with existing models characterizing the dACC as a hub for monitoring ongoing behavior and motivating adjustments when necessary and further emphasize that such a function may be linked to the subjective experience of negative affect.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Cognitive Control: an Extended Investigation of the Stop Signal Task

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiang-shan Ray Li ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Jeng-Ren Duann ◽  
Peisi Yan ◽  
Rajita Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task

scholarly journals The Development of Cognitive Control in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Longitudinal fMRI study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Gooskens ◽  
Dienke J. Bos ◽  
Jilly Naaijen ◽  
Sophie E.A. Akkermans ◽  
Anna Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Children With Asd

AbstractRepetitive behavior is a core symptom of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and has been associated with impairments in cognitive control. However, it is unclear how cognitive control and associated neural circuitry relate to the development of repetitive behavior in children with these disorders. In a multicenter, longitudinal study (TACTICS; Translational Adolescent and Childhood Therapeutic Interventions in Compulsive Syndromes), the development of cognitive control was assessed during late childhood using a longitudinal fMRI design with a modified stop-signal task in children with ASD or OCD, and typically developing (TD) children (baseline: N=122 (8-12y), follow-up: N=72 (10-14y), average interval: 1.2y). Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) decreased over development, regardless of diagnosis. Repetitive behavior in children with ASD and OCD was not associated with performance on the stop-signal task. There were no whole-brain between-group differences in brain activity, but ROI-analyses showed increases in activity in right precentral gyrus over development for children with OCD. In sum, even though subtle differences were observed in the development of brain activity in children with OCD, the findings overall suggest that the development of cognitive control, as assessed by the stop signal task, is similar in children with and without ASD or OCD.

scholarly journals Altered functional network activities for behavioral adjustments and Bayesian learning in young men with Internet gaming disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan-Shan Ma ◽  
Chiang-Shan R. Li ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Patrick D. Worhunsky ◽  
Nan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Adjustment ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Internet Gaming

AbstractBackground and aimsDeficits in cognitive control represent a core feature of addiction. Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) offers an ideal model to study the mechanisms underlying cognitive control deficits in addiction, eliminating the confounding effects of substance use. Studies have reported behavioral and neural deficits in reactive control in IGD, but it remains unclear whether individuals with IGD are compromised in proactive control or behavioral adjustment by learning from the changing contexts.MethodsHere, fMRI data of 21 male young adults with IGD and 21 matched healthy controls (HC) were collected during a stop-signal task. We employed group independent component analysis to investigate group differences in temporally coherent, large-scale functional network activities during post-error slowing, the typical type of behavioral adjustments. We also employed a Bayesian belief model to quantify the trial-by-trial learning of the likelihood of stop signal – P(Stop) – a broader process underlying behavioral adjustment, and identified the alterations in functional network responses to P(Stop).ResultsThe results showed diminished engagement of the fronto-parietal network during post-error slowing, and weaker activity in the ventral attention and anterior default mode network in response to P(Stop) in IGD relative to HC.Discussion and conclusionsThese results add to the literatures by suggesting deficits in updating and anticipating conflicts as well as in behavioral adjustment according to contextual information in individuals with IGD.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Control on a Stop Signal Task in Tourette Syndrome before and after Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Francesca Morreale ◽  
Zinovia Kefalopoulou ◽  
Ludvic Zrinzo ◽  
Patricia Limousin ◽  
Eileen Joyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Deep Brain

As part of the first randomized double-blind trial of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GPi) in Tourette syndrome, we examined the effect of stimulation on response initiation and inhibition. A total of 14 patients with severe Tourette syndrome were recruited and tested on the stop signal task prior to and after GPi-DBS surgery and compared to eight age-matched healthy controls. Tics were significantly improved following GPi-DBS. The main measure of reactive inhibition, the stop signal reaction time did not change from before to after surgery and did not differ from that of healthy controls either before or after GPi-DBS surgery. This suggests that patients with Tourette syndrome have normal reactive inhibition which is not significantly altered by GPi-DBS.

scholarly journals Is motor inhibition involved in the processing of sentential negation? An assessment via the Stop-Signal Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Montalti ◽  
Marta Calbi ◽  
Valentina Cuccio ◽  
Maria Alessandra Umiltà ◽  
Vittorio Gallese
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Sentential Negation ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Methodological Considerations

AbstractIn the last decades, the embodied approach to cognition and language gained momentum in the scientific debate, leading to evidence in different aspects of language processing. However, while the bodily grounding of concrete concepts seems to be relatively not controversial, abstract aspects, like the negation logical operator, are still today one of the main challenges for this research paradigm. In this framework, the present study has a twofold aim: (1) to assess whether mechanisms for motor inhibition underpin the processing of sentential negation, thus, providing evidence for a bodily grounding of this logic operator, (2) to determine whether the Stop-Signal Task, which has been used to investigate motor inhibition, could represent a good tool to explore this issue. Twenty-three participants were recruited in this experiment. Ten hand-action-related sentences, both in affirmative and negative polarity, were presented on a screen. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction of the Go Stimulus (an arrow) and to withhold their response when they heard a sound following the arrow. This paradigm allows estimating the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT), a covert reaction time underlying the inhibitory process. Our results show that the SSRT measured after reading negative sentences are longer than after reading affirmative ones, highlighting the recruitment of inhibitory mechanisms while processing negative sentences. Furthermore, our methodological considerations suggest that the Stop-Signal Task is a good paradigm to assess motor inhibition’s role in the processing of sentence negation.

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