Selective Retention of Information about the Superficial Form of Text: Ellipses W ith Antecedents in Main and Subordinate Clauses

Elliptical verb phrases must be interpreted indirectly, using a representation of the surface form of nearby (usually preceding) text. We used this fact to demonstrate the different availability of superficial representations of the two clauses in main-subordinate pairs. The acceptability of a later ellipsis was reduced when it took its meaning from a main clause that was followed by a subordinate clause, as compared with other combinations. In addition, positive acceptability judgements were made more quickly (1) when the antecedent clause was subordinate, rather than main, suggesting that the superficial form of a subordinate clause is more important, and (2) when the antecedent was in the immediately preceding clause, rather than two clauses back. These results support the idea that the surface form of subordinate clauses is selectively retained until the corresponding main clause has been read, but the surface form of a main clause is not retained after it has been interpreted.

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Similarities in the Syntactic Structure of the German and Croatian Language

European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research ◽

10.2478/ejser-2018-0063 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 107-118

Author(s):

Manuela Svoboda

Keyword(s):

Foreign Language ◽

Learning Process ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

Language Teaching ◽

Syntactic Structure ◽

Foreign Language Teaching ◽

Subordinate Clause ◽

German Language ◽

Syntactic Structures ◽

Subordinate Clauses

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse any potential similarities between the Croatian and German language and present them adopting a contrastive approach with the intent of simplifying the learning process in regards to the German syntactic structure for Croatian German as foreign language students. While consulting articles and books on the theories and methods of foreign language teaching, attention is usually drawn to differences between the mother tongue and the foreign language, especially concerning false friends etc. The same applies to textbooks, workbooks and how teachers behave in class. Thus, it is common practice to deal with the differences between the foreign language and the mother tongue but less with similarities. This is unfortunate considering that this would likely aid in acquiring certain grammatical and syntactic structures of the foreign language. In the author's opinion, similarities are as, if not more, important than differences. Therefore, in this article the existence of similarities between the Croatian and German language will be examined closer with a main focus on the segment of sentence types. Special attention is drawn to subordinate clauses as they play an important role when speaking and/or translating sentences from Croatian to German and vice versa. In order to present and further clarify this matter, subordinate clauses in both the German and Croatian language are defined, clarified and listed to gain an oversight and to present possible similarities between the two. In addition, the method to identify subordinate clauses in a sentence is explained as well as what they express, which conjunctions are being used for each type of subordinate clause in both languages and where the similarities and/or differences between the two languages lie.

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THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS

Studia Philologica ◽

10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 75-86

Author(s):

O. Tuhai

Keyword(s):

Noun Phrases ◽

Internal Argument ◽

Subordinate Clauses ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Theoretical Approaches ◽

The Status ◽

Clausal Complementation ◽

Communicative Approach ◽

Clausal Complements ◽

Form Feature

The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.

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Modelling the Selective Retention of PAOs and Nitrospira (Comammox?) in a Full-Scale Implementation of WAS Hydrocyclones at the Ejby Mølle WWTP

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864717822155939 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (7) ◽

pp. 4079-4084 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nerea Uri ◽

Per Henrik Nielsen ◽

Adrienne Willoughby ◽

Leon Downing ◽

Zheqin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Full Scale ◽

Selective Retention

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Microbial Community Analysis Revealed the Selective Retention of Functionally Important Microorganism by Hydrocyclone in Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Processes

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864717822156217 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (7) ◽

pp. 4013-4022

Author(s):

Samik Bagchi ◽

Yasawantha D Hiripitiyage ◽

Adrienne Willoughby ◽

Amanda Ford ◽

Lise Havsteen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Nutrient Removal ◽

Community Analysis ◽

Microbial Community Analysis ◽

Biological Nutrient Removal ◽

Selective Retention

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Mood

10.1093/oso/9780199547524.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Portner

Keyword(s):

Formal Analysis ◽

Pragmatic Theory ◽

Subordinate Clauses ◽

Pragmatic Function ◽

Verbal Mood ◽

The Way

The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. This work presents the essential background for understanding semantic theories of mood and discusses the most significant theories of both types. It evaluates those theories, compares them, draws connections between seemingly disparate approaches, and with the goal of drawing out their most important insights, it formalizes some of the literature’s most important ideas in new ways. Ultimately, this work shows that there are important connections between verbal mood and sentence mood which point the way towards a more general understanding of how mood works and its relation to other topics in linguistics, and it outlines the type of semantic and pragmatic theory which will make it possible to explain these relations.

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