Rythm-forming, functional and pragmatic potential and immanence of repetitions in the modern Spanish language

This article offers the results of the investigation of repetitions in the modern Spanish language. To understand the role of the repetitions in a certain text, first of all, it’s necessary to determine whether they are immanent in the language or culture, and, therefore, unmarked, or, on the contrary, carry some charge: stylistic, rhythmic or pragmatic. Such differentiation is carried out by means of the analysis and synthesis of the theoretic material (А. Аlonso, E. А. Llorach, J. Nogeira, V. Iovenko, V. Vinogradov, etc.), contrastive and comparative analysis. The results show the redundancy of the Spanish language in comparison with Russian, which accounts for the numerous unmarked repetitions in Spanish. On the other hand, the frequent use of repetitions as stylistic, semantic or rhythmic device becomes evident too. For the analysis, we chose some official documents, characterized by the absence of stylistic devices, and some appellative and literary texts (poetry by A. Carvajal, a novel by S. Puertolas, etc.), which are apriori aimed at the form and pragmatic effect. This approach helps achieve the most objective conclusions concerning the nature of the repetitions in a text. We considered lexical and grammar repetitions, grammar, semantic and concept repetitions. Phonetic and lexical repetitions, as the basic stylistic devices, have not been subjected to analysis, as their markedness is evident. The results of the research, presented in the article, may be useful both for the people studying the Spanish language in order to speak it correctly and to understand the pragmatic function of repetition, and for translators to decide whether to follow the structure and rhythm of the text if repetitions are marked, or to omit them when they are in the original text, should they be immanent in the language and the culture.

A Study Of The Pragmatic Functions Of Modern Chinese Adverbs “Zhen”, “Zhenshi” And “Zhende”

This research used the Modern Chinese Research Corpus System constructed by Beijing Language and Culture University as the corpus source, and analyzed the pragmatic functions of Modern Chinese adverbs “zhen”, “zhenshi” and “zhende” which are located before the predicate and are used as sentence adverbial. The results show that these adverbs have similarities and differences in pragmatic functions. The adverb “zhen” has four pragmatic functions: one is to confirm authenticity, the other is to express subjective evaluation, the third is to express a high degree of authenticity, and the fourth is to make hypotheses. The adverb “zhenshi” has only one pragmatic function, that is, the subjective evaluation function. The adverb “zhende” has two pragmatic functions: one is to confirm authenticity, and the other is to express subjective evaluation. The adverb “zhenshi” and “zhende” can appear together with the degree adverbs “tai” and “hen”, but the adverb “zhen” cannot appear with the degree adverbs. The adverb “zhen” and the adverb “zhende” can be replaced with each other, and the meaning of the sentence remains unchanged after the replacement.

Pragmatic Function Shifts in the Translation of WH Questions in “500 Days of Summer”

<p>The author is analyzing and conducting a translation research in interrogative utterances from the film "500 Days of Summer" especially WH questions, because WH questions not only contain information at the surface structure, but also pragmatic functions within them. This study is being carried out in order to help the writer and readers understand interrogative sentences more clearly. This research is conducted under Translational research using a descriptive qualitative method. The analysis applies the theory of Nida &amp; Taber’s translation theory, Newmark’s translation theory, Mona Baker’s translation techniques theory, Marcella Frank’s interrogative sentences theory and Nababan, Nuraeni &amp; Sumardiono’s translation quality assessment theory.</p>The scope of this research is a translational analysis of a film subtitle. This research focuses on the translation of interrogative utterances in the form of WH questions in the film "500 Days of Summer" specifically character dialogues. This research intends to investigate the pragmatic function of the utterances on the target language, as well as the pragmatic differences that may exist between the source and target languages, as well as the translator's translation techniques, including their impact on translation quality.

Pragmatic Function of Linguistic Units

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of a number of works of domestic and foreign linguists in which approaches to language learning in a pragmatic aspect are defined. As a result of generalization of various approaches of researchers, the author revealed the main task of pragmatics, which consists in establishing the patterns of the use of linguistic means for the purpose of directed influence on the addressee in the communication process. Within the framework of P. Grice’s theory, implicatures are considered as conversational or communicative, as well as conventional. At the same time, the metaphorical interpretation is analyzed within the framework of the theory of speech acts. The role of euphemistic units involved in the formation of a certain, predetermined by the addressee, evaluative opinion is shown. The article reveals the potential of the study of precedent phenomena in a pragmatic aspect. The key problems of linguopragmatics are analyzed: connotations and additional (background) information as a necessary component of communication.

TINDAK TUTUR ILOKUSI PADA NOVEL ZAINY BARAKAT KARYA GAMAL AL GHITANI (KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)

The objectives of this research are; (1) Identifying the form of illocutionary speech acts found in Gamal Al Ghitani's Zainy Barakat novel; (2) Determine the pragmatic function of illocutionary speech acts contained in the novel Zainy Barakat by Jamal Al Ghitani.This research is a qualitative research, the research design is in the form of a literature study (study research), the data collection technique is a note-taking technique, the research instrument uses data cards and data recapitulation sheets, while the data analysis method uses the extralingual equivalent method. In this study research, 155 speech acts were found which were divided into 5 forms of illocutionary speech acts and 4 speech act functions. Based on the analysis of the utterances, it can be detailed as follows; 43 forms of assertive illocutionary speech, 61 forms of directive illocutionary speech, 11 forms of speech illocutionary commissive, 38 forms of expressive illocutionary speech, and 2 forms of declarative illocutionary speech. Of the five forms of illocutionary speech, directive speech is the most common, and the form of declarative speech is the least used. Pragmatic functions are classified into four kinds of functions, namely competitive, conventional, collaborative and conflictual. In the novel Zayni Barakat found four kinds of functions which are detailed as follows: 58 competitive functions, 28 conventional functions, 47 ​​collaborative functions and 22 conflictive functions. From these data, the most pragmatic function found is the competitive function, and the least is the conflictive function.

Tense and aspect in Xhosa

This dissertation investigates the semantics of each tense and aspect in Xhosa. Since tense and aspect perform important pragmatic functions, the analysis takes into account the correlation between the verb and the wider discourse in which it is embedded. Tense reflects the temporal relation between the time of the utterance (speech time) and an interval the speaker makes the assertion about (reference time). The Remote Past and the Remote Future tenses differ from their Recent/Immediate counterparts in that they denote events which occurred in a significantly different situation than the speech time and/or events in the surrounding discourse. Aspect does not only indicate the relation between the time occupied by the real world event and the reference time chosen by the speaker. The Perfective aspect represents an event as a unique change-of-state that pertains to a single point on the timeline which at the same time functions as the reference time. By contrast, for the Imperfective aspect temporally links the event to a contextually provided reference time, e.g. the utterance time, a time adverbial, a period of time previously introduced in the preceding discourse, or the interlocutors’ shared experience. At the pragmatic level, the Perfective aspect tends to introduce an event’s resulting state into the discourse, whereas the Imperfective aspect tends to rule it out. Like the Imperfective aspect, the Anterior and the Prospective aspects assert an event’s occurrence from a contextually defined reference time. They refer to the consequent and the preparatory states of an event, respectively. On the pragmatic level, the Anterior aspect may also indicate that the truth-conditionality of the event’s resulting state is contradicted in the immediate discourse. This study shows that tense and aspect temporally represent different means of temporally assigning an event to a particular portion of the timeline. I further argue that aspect indicates whether the reference time is provided in the context (Imperfective, Anterior, Prospective) or whether it is introduced by the verb itself (Perfective). Furthermore, this study shows that aspect exhibits a pragmatic function by laying focus on different parts of the event that are relevant in the upcoming discourse.

„Vor allem – da erste Gedanke is ja oft auch gar nicht so gmeint“ Operatoren zur Charakterisierung des kommunikativen und mentalen Status von Äußerungen im sozialen Raum

This paper investigates discursive structures of spoken language in formal and informal communication settings (almost 62 hours of recorded time) of urban speakers in Austria’s two biggest cities Vienna and Graz and their surroundings. We focus on so-called bipartite “Operator-Skopus-Strukturen” (‘operator-scope-structures’), examining their pragmatic and discourse organising function within specific conversational situations. Our main aim is to offer in-depth analyses of these structures by characterising the mental and communicative status of such utterances. Starting out with a discussion of characteristics of spoken language research, especially by arguing for the replacement of the grammatical concept of sentences with the interactional concept of turn-constructional units, we address the phenomenon of discourse markers and Operator-Skopus-Strukturen in particular. This is followed by the description of our data set and the subsequent analyses and discussion of the selected examples. According to our findings, Operator-Skopus-Strukturen appear in both conversational settings and among all groups of speakers. We demonstrate that all speakers use the structures with the same pragmatic function of giving information to their conversation partner on how to interpret and understand the message behind the utterance. Within this scope, the speaker’s intention can vary depending on the conversation partner, the topic of the conversation or the situation.

Прагматическая функция интертекстем в веб-медиатекстах белорусских и российских интернет-СМИ

The article discusses the features of the functioning of phraseological units and other stable combinations in the headings of the media texts of Belarusian and Russian online newspapers. We analyze the pragmatic function of intertexts and present them as pointers to certain types of speech acts. The intent of the addressee is the most important factor in creating a text. It is usually reflected, directly or indirectly, in every communication product. The main purpose of media texts (or a hint of it) is contained in headings, especially when they are intertextemes, various renewable speech units that we classify according to the types of speech acts: representatives, rogatives,directives, commissives, contactives, declarations and expressives. Such headings are best used to perform a pragmatic function because they retain an emotional and evaluation component that stimulates communication with the mass recipient. These stable units (phraseological locutions, winged expressions and aphorisms, paroemias and compound terms) comprise the background knowledge of the participants in communication and are therefore productive language tools used by journalists in their practice. And very often the intertextemes are transformed or updated. Employees of “BelGazeta” and “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” use both the general phraseological fund of Belarusians and Russians and the national language means in web media texts. The headlines of “BelGazeta” havea distinctive feature, as they mix graphic and lexical systems of different languages (Russian, Belarusian,English and, less frequently, Ukrainian). This fact can be explained, firstly, by the tendency to widely spread the features of the conversational speech of Belarusians, trasyanka, in book speech styles. And, secondly, by the address policy of the publication of the named newspaper, which is aimed at the mass Belarusian reader. Following the use of occasionalisms, updated stable expressions, we also call the above feature a specific method of influencing the addressee.

Swearing Using Body Parts in the Jordanian Setting: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis Faculty of Educational Sciences and Arts (UNRWA)

The study aimed to identify swearing using body parts in the Jordanian setting as a social phenomenon used by male university students. The corpus of the study included (100) male university students. A socio-pragmatic approach was adopted to analyze the data. The study employed Simak Libat Cakap technique in addition to the qualitative method to analyze the data of the study. The analysis of data showed that the face was the most frequent body part used in swearing followed by the head. The main findings revealed that swearing is dominantly used to express a socio-pragmatic function of angriness, especially when swearers feel angry with their disputers. Swearing functions as a vehicle for releasing tension and anger and proved to be powerful in exchanging insults. The study concluded that swearers usually do not mean what they say. Swearing mostly includes non-literal meanings like idioms. Therefore, it should not be interpreted literally; otherwise, it will lose its connotative meaning.

Research on the Construction of Value Evaluation Model of Pragmatic Function of Spoken English Discourse Markers Under the Perspective of Smoking Cessation Discourse

In view of the needs of the use of spoken English discourse markers in different situations under cross-cultural communication, it is necessary to standardize the language use of communicators and give full play to the pragmatic value of spoken English discourse markers. By establishing the pragmatic function evaluation model of spoken English discourse markers in the context of smoking cessation and tobacco control from the perspective of smoking cessation discourse, English communicative conversation in the context of smoking cessation and tobacco control is studied in this paper. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and starting from four layers including the target layer, criterion layer, index layer and scheme layer, this paper designs an evaluation model of pragmatic functional value of spoken English discourse markers from the perspective of smoking cessation discourse through hierarchy theory model construction, judgment matrix construction, hierarchical single ranking and consistency test, hierarchical total ranking and consistency test. The model is used in the context of communication, language training and language assessment. The model is suitable for simulating communicative behavior, language ability training and language ability assessment in smoking cessation and tobacco control scenarios. It can improve the accuracy of the use of discourse markers, facilitate the reasonable choice of discourse markers in special communication scenarios, ensure the efficiency of English communication, and highlight the unique value of discourse markers in different communication scenarios.