Penanda Klausa Adverbial Dalam Bahasa Angkola

An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that serves to provide information on the main clause. The presence of an adverbial clause is not a must, but it can help create coherence in a discourse. This study aims to describe the markers of adverbial clauses in Angkola language. The method used is descriptive qualitative markers. Data collections are conducted by speaking, listening, and taking notes. The data in this study are adverbial clauses in Angkola language obtained from native Angkola speakers and also written sources obtained from Angkola language books. Data analysis was carried out by matching the data with the theory contained in the study, namely adverbial clause markers in Angkola language sentences. The results showed that there were five types of adverbial clauses in Angkola language, namely temporal clauses marked by the word dung 'after' and dompak 'when', conditional clauses marked by the word molo 'if', causal clauses (causal clause) which is marked by the word harana 'because', the purpose clause (purposal clause) which is marked by the word anso 'so that/so', and the concession clause (consessive clause) which is marked by the words bope 'although' and aha pe 'what ever'. The use of adverbial clauses can be found at the initial or final position in a sentence.

Problems of Translation of Parenthetic Clauses from Russian into Turkish in Social and Political Texts

Actively developing mass media field generates high demand for specialists who are able to translate texts of social and political topics from Russian into a foreign language and vice versa quickly and efficiently. While learning, students make common mistakes, which should be carefully corrected and prevented. The purpose of this article is to identify the most common mistakes made in translations of parenthetic clauses from Turkish into Russian and to develop recommendations for translating this type of sentences. The research is based on the translations of parenthetic clauses from Russian into Turkish made by three Turkish native speakers who are proficient in Russian, and ten Russian-speaking informants who are 4th-year undergraduate and graduate students of the leading Russian universities where Turkish language is taught as a major. The lack of research papers on the topic indicates the scientific novelty of the study. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that translation of parenthetic clauses presents significant difficulties for students and propose the following recommendations: there are two variants of translating Russian parenthetic clauses into Turkish - a subordinate clause with the conjunction ki and a participle clause with a participle of present-past tenses -(y)An . The first variant reflects the meaning expressed by Russian parenthetic clause most accurately, i.e. makes an emphasis. When referring to this variant, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the subordinate clause must have its own subject, which is most often presented by the pronoun bu this, or its subject must coincide with the subject of the main clause. The second variant mainly performs a determinative function, therefore, the sentence emphasis is made lexically. The stylistics should also be considered: a subordinate clause with the conjunction ki , as emotionally more powerful, is mainly used in analytical newspaper publications, while a participle clause with the participle -(y)An is more neutral stylistically. Therefore, if there are any difficulties with choosing the correct way to translate parenthetic clauses from Russian into Turkish, it is recommended to refer to - the (y)An participle.

A complexity hierarchy-based solution to the clausal subject puzzle in Turkish

This paper presents a novel analysis of subordinate clause structure in Turkish, focusing on subordinations formed by the following three suffixes: the infinitival -mA(K) with tenseless and (ir)realis usages, and -DIK/ -(y)ACAK with a (non)future temporal specification. We present a classification aligning each form on the Implicational Complementation Hierarchy (ICH) proposed in Wurmbrand and Lohninger (2020), which provides a solution for the subject puzzle observed with these clauses: only infinitival -mA(K) clauses with their (ir)realis use are compatible with being the subject of a transitive verb. We propose that (ir)realis infinitival clauses belong to the situation class in the ICH, and that this middle class is of the ideal semantic complexity and syntactic size for a clausal subject in Turkish.

СЪСТОЯНИЕТО КАТО ПРИЧИНА: КОНСТРУКЦИИТЕ С КАКЪВТО И КАКТО С ПРИЧИННО ЗНАЧЕНИЕ / STATE AS A CAUSE: CAUSAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH КАКЪВТО AND КАКТО

Apart from their main function, the Bulgarian constructions with какъвто and както can express causal relations between the situations described in the main clause and the subordinate clause. The paper shows that in the causal use of both constructions the subordinate clause expresses a static feature, serving as a justification of the situation presented in the main clause. In addition, there is a semantic differentiation between the two models: какъвто normally expresses a usual (permanent) feature, while както denotes mostly a temporary (episodic) feature. Observations on the means used by Russian translators to convey this kind of causal meaning are also put forward. Keywords: state, causal relations, relative clauses, manner clauses, Bulgarian, Russian

The Subordinate Clause with Simple Object Hypotaxic Constructions in Svan

The paper presents such hypotactic constructions in Svan, where the subordinate clause is a simple object and plays the role of a simple object to any member of the principal clause, explains and clarifies the meaning of the simple object expressed by the pronoun. There is no comprehensive research on this issue in the scientific literature, where the data of all four dialects (Upper Bal, Lower Bal, Lentekhian, Lashkhian) would be considered. In our study, samples of Cholur speech are also presented, which provides a basis for making quite interesting conclusions. Research has shown that in Svan there is a lot of evidence of subordinate clause with simple object complex sentences and no significant difference between dialects is observed. The results of our research are also important in terms of teaching Svan.

‘Wh’-question intonation in Standard Colloquial Bengali

Mycock, Xu, and Lahiri provide LFG analyses of multiple multi-clause constituent ‘wh’- question intonation patterns in Standard Colloquial Bengali (the Bengali dialect spoken in Kolkata), capturing the intonational tune–text mapping which crucially interacts with syntax, pragmatics, and semantics. Based on a new set of data, they identify the intonational contours used with ‘wh’-questions that include multiple question words and/or that comprise multiple clauses. These data reveal that a Focus accent can be ‘shared’ across a sequence of question words and that a subordinate clause forms a separate intonational unit (an Intonational Phrase) when it contains question words that take scope over a higher clause but not when they only take scope over the clause in which they appear.

ANALYZING MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN THE WEVERSE MAGAZINE

Reading is activities that always do by EFL students; through reading, students can gain knowledge or get information from text like a printed textbook, E-book, magazine, article, news, and others. However, EFL students must understand what they read and the structural grammar of the text they already read. In grammar, there are term clauses that are divided into five parts: Main clause, Subordinate clause, Noun clause, Adjective clause, and Adverb clause. This article will focus on the main and subordinate clauses applied in the sentence on every Weverse magazine. Weverse itself is an online website that includes some hot news about K-pop idols under HYBE labels like BTS, TXT that a worldwide superstar boy group. This article uses descriptive qualitative research that aims to analyze the main and subordinate clauses in Weverse Magazine. This study will show how the main and subordinate clause is applied and used in the sentence on every news item written on Weverse magazine.

Pragmatic marker i pray in middle english written monuments

The article deals with the variations of predicative pragmatic marker I pray yow / thee. The linguistic material is taken from the texts that were written in XIV-XV centuries by English authors and created in different genres (plays, ballades, visions, confessions, etc.) containing elements of dialogic speech. It has been found that the marker was not a stiff structure during the period under consideration. The variations of the expression were formed as the result of miscellaneous processes that can be seen in its following features: non-fixed composition of the marker, that can be enlarged (by an adverb here I the pray, a modal verb I wold the pray) and can be reduced (by elision of a object pronoun I preye), non-permanent word order depending on the requirement of a rhyme and preferences of the writer (I þe praye, y pray Þe, preye I thee), the representation of the expression in the sentence as both parenthetical clause and main one (followed by a that-subordinate clause). The peculiarities of the location of the marker in the sentence are discussed. If I pray yow/thee is the only one pragmatic marker in the sentence, it is placed at the beginning or at the end of it. The placement of the parenthetical expression inside the receiving sentence is characteristic of the individual style of the author and is not common. If the expression is combined with other markers, predicative and non predicative, there are two variants of their localization in the sentence: «pointwise», when several markers are concentrated at the beginning or at the end of the construction, and «framework», when phatic parts are located in ante- and postposition of the markers receiving sentence.

A cluster of changes: Norwegian word order

Among the syntactic changes that can be observed in the transition from Old Norwegian to Modern Norwegian are the following word order changes: loss of OV order, object shift from a VP containing a verb (non-finite verb or any verb in a subordinate clause), preverbal preposition, and topicalization of a bare head. The fact that these changes all seemto occurat the same timeis not accidental. Old Norwegian was arguably a VO language, like Modern Norwegian, but unlike Modern Norwegian, OV order was also possible.It can be shown that it is possible to derive sentences with object shift with a verb in VP, sentences with preverbal prepositions, and with topicalized heads only from an OV structure. Therefore, when the OV order was no longer available, the other three structures could no longer be derived.

Integral nonprototypical conditional and imperative constructions in Catalan (in comparison with Spanish and French)

This article examines one type of constructions that can express both conditional and imperative meanings. They represent complex sentences, the first part of which expresses a condition and urging and the second, the consequence with future reference. It is important to distinguish constructions of this type from prototypical imperative conditional constructions built as complex sentences, in which the condition is introduced by a subordinate clause with a conjuction meaning if and the conseqence verb is encoded for the imperative. The aim of this article is to identify, describe, and analyze the main types of integral nonprototypical conditional-and-imperative constructions, as well as the relevant conjunctions, tenses, and moods used in Catalan as compared to Spanish and French. While nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions are actively studied in many languages, they have been apparently barely touched upon in Catalan. Our analysis revealed the following types of integral nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions with: imperatives in the first clause; imperative verbs and verb periphrases in the first clause; a nominal phrase in the first clause; the conjunction or repeated in both clauses; present indicatives in the first clause and the conjunction and between two parts. The use of conjunctions meaning and (i (Cat.), y (Es.), et (Fr.)), or (o (Cat.), o (Es.), ou (Fr.)), as well asotherwise (si no (Cat.), si no (Es.), sinon (Fr.)) coincide. Only conjunctions meaning if are conditional in their basic meaning; conjunctions and, or, and otherwise are coordinating: and is copulative (it shows conditional meaning in the constructions addressed), or is delimiting, and otherwise adversative, with the latter two signaling negative condition in the targeted constructions. The research was conducted by the following methods: sampling, classification, description, contrastive and transformational analysis, and synthesis. The examples used were borrowed from texts by Catalan authors with their Spanish and French translations that were analyzed and classified. The whole sample of the conditional constructions analyzed is over 1000 examples for each of the three languages.