APPLICATIONS OF FACTOR-CRITERIA SYSTEM RECONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS IN THE REPRODUCTION RESEARCH ON GRASS CARP, BLACK CARP, SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD IN THE YANGTZE RIVER

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUOHUA ZHANG ◽  
JTANBO CHANG ◽  
GUANGFU SHU
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
System Reconstruction

Mitochondrial DNA diversity, population structure, and conservation genetics of four native carps within the Yangtze River, China

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Lu ◽  
S Li ◽  
L Bernatchez
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Dna Diversity

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon piceus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), and black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus) rank first, second, fourth, and seventh in world fish production. In China, the Yangtze River harbours the most important natural populations of these species. We performed a polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length poymorphism analysis on 365 juvenile fish representing three nursery grounds to provide a first assessment of the mitochondrial DNA diversity in these species and test the hypothesis that they are composed of more than one genetic stock. The mitochondrial DNA diversity was high in silver, bighead, and black carp, and much less in grass carp. Analysis of heterogeneity of genotype frequency, fixation indices, intersite molecular variance, and localization indices indicated that juvenile silver, bighead, and black carp from different nursery areas belong to genetically distinct populations. These results suggest that their population structure may be determined by the number of environmental settings that permit closure of their life cycle. They also imply that carp from the Yangtze River cannot be managed as a single unit and that human disturbance through exploitation and habitat modifications, in particular the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, will have differential impacts on fish abundance for different parts of the river.

Fishery Resources, Environment, and Conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze (Changjiang) River Basins

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Changjiang River ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis ◽  
Anthropogenic Modifications

<em>Abstract</em>.—Bighead Carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis </em>and Silver Carp <em>H. molitrix </em>are native in the Yangtze River and extremely important economically and culturally as food fishes; however, the two species have declined due to overfishing and anthropogenic modifications to hydrology and water quality. Bighead Carp and Silver Carp were imported to North America in the early 1970s, escaped confinement, and have now become undesirable and problematic invasive species. The two carps have become the most abundant fish species in many portions of their invaded range, which continues to expand. We compare the biology, status, and management of these species between their natal range in the Yangtze River and their invaded habitats of the Mississippi River basin.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Asian Carp ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—In the 1970s, commercial fishers reported sightings of grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella </em>in large rivers and associated backwaters of Louisiana; the first specimen in Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries’ fishery independent sampling was recorded in 1976. Beginning in the early 1980s, commercial fishers noted increasing populations of bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis </em>and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>(together, the bigheaded carps). Populations of bigheaded carps appear to be increasing at a much slower rate than in the Midwest¸ possibly due to limited suitability of and access to backwater habitat for juvenile fish. In 2002, harvester reports of sporadic captures of “different-looking” grass carp indicated the possible presence of black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus</em>. Because both normal diploid and triploid (in which triploidy has been induced to cause sterility) black carp have been stocked in the Mississippi basin, determination of the ploidy (number of chromosome sets) of these fishes is important. Since 2002, postmortem ploidy determinations using cells from eyeballs removed from six wild black carp captured in Louisiana showed each to be a normal diploid, indicative of breeding capability and potential reproducing populations. Although reported commercial landings of grass and bigheaded carps have been as high as 34,830 kg/year, limited market demand in past years resulted in many captures being discarded. A protocol for obtaining samples for easily determining ploidy is reported here. Accurate data on Asian carp distributions and their reproductive potential provides information to fisheries researchers that will be constructive in documenting the spread of these invasive species and in the assessment of risk to habitats.

scholarly journals Effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in four juvenile fish species with different foraging strategies

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. bio051755
Author(s):  
Xiuming Li ◽  
Yaoguang Zhang ◽  
Shijian Fu
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Black Carp

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in sit-and-wait carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis), active carnivorous black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), active herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and active filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), each species was divided into a control group and a fasting group (deprived of food for 14 days). Both groups were maintained at 25°C and, at the end of the experimental period, the total movement distance (TMD), percent time spent moving (PTM), ventilation frequency (Vf), pre-exercise oxygen consumption (M(•)O2) and EPOC response of the experimental fish were measured. The TMD and PTM obtained for the control group of southern catfish were lower than those found for the control groups of the three active species. Short-term fasting resulted in decreases in the TMD and PTM of the southern catfish and black carp and increases in the TMD of grass carp and silver carp. The Vf of southern catfish was significantly higher than those of grass carp and silver carp, whereas the latter was also significantly higher than that of black carp. Short-term fasting resulted in significant increases in the Vf and decreases in the pre-exercise M(•)O2 of southern catfish and silver carp. Southern catfish and black carp exhibited lower peak post-exercise M(•)O2 and recovery rates, and relatively higher EPOC magnitudes than grass carp and silver carp. Short-term fasting exerted no significant effects on the peak post-exercise M(•)O2, but resulted in relatively higher EPOC magnitudes in the four fish species. These results suggest that (1) different fish species exhibit significantly different levels of spontaneous activity and post-exercise M(•)O2 profiles with different characteristics and that (2) short-term fasting exerts different effects on the level of spontaneous activity in four fish species with different foraging strategies.

State of the reproductive potential of the domestic breeding stock of herbivorous fish

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Grigory Emelyanovich Servetnik
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Herbivorous Fish ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
The Amur River ◽  
River Line

The industry program provides for increasing the share of highly productive carp, including herbivores (whit carp, silver carp, grass carp and black carp), in the total production from 20 to 50% by 2020. However, currently in Russia there are only two certified breeding farms for the reproduction of breeding material of these fish: fish farm «Shaparievsky» of the Krasnodar territory and «Rybopitomnik Chaganskij» of the Astrakhan region. In modern economic conditions, not enough attention is paid to breeding work, there are not enough specialists-breeders on the ground, which negatively affects the quality of work carried out, there is a closely related crossing of producers. Since the end of the last century, there has been a negative impact of inbred depression in the breeding of herbivorous fish. In addition, the cultivation and maintenance of fish in mixed planting conditions in the technological cycle of carp cultivation cause unsatisfactory development and physiological state of mature producers. To exclude inbred depression and use the effect of heterosis, the recommended method of selection is interline hybridization using two «natural lines» — populations from the Yangtze river (line of Chinese origin) and the Amur river (line of Amur origin). This makes it possible to avoid closely related crossing and allows you to count on getting the effect of heterosis. When crossing cupids and silver carp of Chinese and Amur origin, the effect of heterosis is equal to 10–15% (for the survival of juveniles and the growth of crossbreeds in the first year of life). To control the origin of the white carp, 4 species-specific biochemical markers were identified: myogenes, prealbumids, enzymes — alkaline phosphatase and tetrazolium oxidase. They can be used to control the origin and the industrial hybridization of white with silver carp spotted silver carp. For grass carp, biochemical polymorphism of proteins and enzymes was also detected: serum and muscle esterases, superoxide dismutase, and vitellogenins.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Nuclear Size ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—The Asian black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus </em>is of interest to the aquaculture industry in the United States as a biological control for snails and mollusks. However, past experience in North America with other Asian carps has raised concern that black carp will establish wild populations and negatively affect native populations of fish and invertebrates, especially mollusks. The demand for black carp has led biologists to seek ways to allow their use while at the same time maintaining control over their distribution and reproduction. Physical containment and restrictions on importation, release, and stocking have mostly failed. Control of reproduction holds more promise. The induction of triploidy (having three sets of chromosomes), which can render an individual biologically sterile, is of particular interest. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of proposed testing procedures used to assure genetic triploidy in black carp prior to distribution by the state of Missouri, using black carp and grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>. Our objectives were to (1) verify if the ploidy determination methodology (nuclear size) employed was 100% accurate, (2) determine growth and survival of juvenile black carp over extended periods of time under laboratory and pond conditions, and (3) histologically examine development and gametogenesis in gonads collected from triploid and diploid black and grass carps of different ages and stages of maturation. Comparison of erythrocyte nuclear size using the Coulter counter method versus the more accurate method of flow cytometry that measures DNA content indicated an error rate of 0.25% by the former method. Black carp grew and survived well in mid-Missouri ponds. Triploid grass carp males appeared to produce functional gametes, and some triploid black carp male testes had apparently normal spermatocytes within cysts. A few normally developing oocytes at previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages were observed in triploid grass carp females, and a few normal perinuclear oocytes could be identified in triploid black carp females. Currently, the standards of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s triploid grass carp voluntary inspection program are being followed by some states to manage triploid black carp. Our results indicate that although the percentage of diploid black carp that could pass through the currently proposed screening program is small, overall numbers of diploid black carp distributed in a state could be substantial depending on the number of triploids distributed. Furthermore, despite indications that triploid male black carp can be expected to be functionally sterile, reproductive studies may be warranted given the large wild populations of diploid grass carp, bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</em>, and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>in the Mississippi River basin system.

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