Armia Czerwona w 1920 roku. Organizacja, stany osobowe, działalność propagandowa ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem frontu polskiego w świetle wybranych źródeł i polskich opracowań wywiadowczych

The Polish-Soviet War, which took place between 1919 and 1920, remains one of the most dramatic, yet also one of the brightest pages in the history of the Polish military. Not only did the Polish army achieve a spectacular victory that ensured Poland’s sovereignty and unrestrained development, but also, according to many historians and politicians, saved Europe from the flood of communism. Apart from the famous Battle of Warsaw, the warfare that lasted from February 1919 to October 1920 included the Kiev Offensive, the Battle of Komarów and the Battle of the Niemen River. The war with the Bolshevists was not just a conflict over the borders, but also concerned the preservation of national sovereignty, threatened by the Bolshevists' attempts to spread the communist revolution throughout Europe. The intention of the Polish side, on the other hand, was to separate the nations occupying the regions to the west and south of Russia and to connect them with Poland through close federal ties. The fate of the war was finally decided in August 1920 at the gates of Warsaw. The Polish Army, following the operational plans of the High Command approved by Józef Piłsudski, the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, pushed the Red Army east past the Neman River line with a surprising counter-attack. This battle saved Poland's independence and forced the Bolshevists to cancel their plans to spread the communist revolution to the countries of Central and Western Europe.

The proposal of a new provisional border of range of the acidophilous oak forest Calamagrostio arundinaceae-Quercetum petraeae Hartm. 1934 Scam. et Pass. 1959 in central Poland

The range of acidophilous oak forest from Quercetea robori-petraeae Br-Bl. et Tx. ex Oberd. 1957 in Central Europe depends largely on the syntaxonomical concept used and is still provisional. The most continental association from this class occurring in Poland is Calamagrostio arundinaceae-Quercetum petraeae Hartm. 1934 Scam. et Pass. 1959. It is present in western and central Poland, but its eastern boundary is not well known. The aims of the study were to survey and document new patches of Calamagrostio-Quercetum in central Poland, to check the internal variation of the association and to summary the known distribution of it in lowlands of central-western and central Poland. 23 phytosociological relevés were made within new stands together with soil sampling. New relevé data was subjected to the numerical Wards classification together with acidophilous oak forests datasets from western Poland and oak-pine forests ones from eastern part of the Country. The new dataset was similar to Calamagrostio-Quercetum. Three subassociations were distinguished. Soil parameters and oak site index did not differ from acidophilous oak forest stands from other parts of Poland. The provisional range of Calamagrostio-Quercetum in central Poland was proposed to be moved by circa 60–90 km to the north-east (approximately as far as the Vistula river line) in order to include south-western part of Mazowsze.

Impact of Prolonged Exposure of Eleven Years to Hot Seawater on the Degradation of a Thermoset Composite

This paper presents a long-term experimental investigation of E-glass/epoxy composites’ durability exposed to seawater at different temperatures. The thermoset composite samples were exposed to 23 °C, 45 °C and 65 °C seawater for a prolonged exposure time of 11 years. The mechanical performance as a function of exposure time was evaluated and a strength-based technique was used to assess the durability of the composites. The experimental results revealed that the tensile strength of E-glass/epoxy composite was reduced by 8.2%, 29.7%, and 54.4% after immersion in seawater for 11 years at 23 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C, respectively. The prolonged immersion in seawater resulted in the plasticization and swelling in the composite. This accelerated the rate of debonding between the fibers and matrix. The failure analysis was conducted to investigate the failure mode of the samples. SEM micrographs illustrated a correlation between the fiber/matrix debonding, potholing, fiber pull-out, river line marks and matrix cracking with deterioration in the tensile characteristics of the thermoset composite.

Torri difensive e territori fluviali: architetture d’acque nel bacino del fiume Zhujiang, Guangdong

Defensive towers and river territories: water architecture in the Zhujiang river basin, GuangdongThe contribution intends to provide a reading and an in-depth study of the defensive heritage located in the Zhujiang river basin and its delta in Guangdong, China. The paper focuses on the case of diaolou, defensive towers already listed as UNESCO since 2007, built from the sixteenth century until the first half of the twentieth century in Kaiping country. These buildings show an interesting mixture of some local models and typologies and specific characters and styles borrowed from western examples. The research takes as a privileged point of view the relationships that these settlement systems forge with the hydrographic resource, which generates a territorial groove that determines the morphology of the territory and constitutes a historical vehicle of crossings. The arrangement of the fortified towers with respect to the river line is influenced by centripetal and centrifugal actions aimed at responding to defensive needs in the geography of this territory. The heritage of the diaolou seems to respond to two types of defensive demands: one linked to historical facts and the frequent bandit raids that took place in the Guangdong area in the nineteenth century; the other connected to geographical and hydraulic data, as the protection from the phenomenon of inundation and the consequent placement of the towers in the floodplain of the Zhujiang river. The course of the river gets in shape through the architectural technique, in the construction of towers and defensive works and, in the same way, some aspects of the design of this territory are defined through the description of the forms of the river. Architecture, hydraulic engineering and geography work together in defining the form of the settlement and invest the scale of the buildings, generating specific architectural types and morphological characters suitable for responding to the problem of water control, conservation and distribution.

State of the reproductive potential of the domestic breeding stock of herbivorous fish

The industry program provides for increasing the share of highly productive carp, including herbivores (whit carp, silver carp, grass carp and black carp), in the total production from 20 to 50% by 2020. However, currently in Russia there are only two certified breeding farms for the reproduction of breeding material of these fish: fish farm «Shaparievsky» of the Krasnodar territory and «Rybopitomnik Chaganskij» of the Astrakhan region. In modern economic conditions, not enough attention is paid to breeding work, there are not enough specialists-breeders on the ground, which negatively affects the quality of work carried out, there is a closely related crossing of producers. Since the end of the last century, there has been a negative impact of inbred depression in the breeding of herbivorous fish. In addition, the cultivation and maintenance of fish in mixed planting conditions in the technological cycle of carp cultivation cause unsatisfactory development and physiological state of mature producers. To exclude inbred depression and use the effect of heterosis, the recommended method of selection is interline hybridization using two «natural lines» — populations from the Yangtze river (line of Chinese origin) and the Amur river (line of Amur origin). This makes it possible to avoid closely related crossing and allows you to count on getting the effect of heterosis. When crossing cupids and silver carp of Chinese and Amur origin, the effect of heterosis is equal to 10–15% (for the survival of juveniles and the growth of crossbreeds in the first year of life). To control the origin of the white carp, 4 species-specific biochemical markers were identified: myogenes, prealbumids, enzymes — alkaline phosphatase and tetrazolium oxidase. They can be used to control the origin and the industrial hybridization of white with silver carp spotted silver carp. For grass carp, biochemical polymorphism of proteins and enzymes was also detected: serum and muscle esterases, superoxide dismutase, and vitellogenins.

Development of SSR markers via de novo transcriptome assembly in Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz

Owing to its high nutritive, economic, and medicinal values, Akebia trifoliata has received increased attention, making worthy of being used as a new fruit crop for further domestication and commercialization in China. However, molecular research of A. trifoliata has lagged as investigations of its genomic resources and molecular markers are rare. In this study, a cDNA library of A. trifoliata leaves was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq. 6000 sequencing system. In total, 101 417 transcripts, 63 757 unigenes, and 9494 simple sequence repeats were assembled and identified from the transcriptome datasets. The majority of the SSRs were di- and trinucleotide repeats. Length and number of SSR motifs ranged from 15 to 66, and 5 to 48 bp, respectively. Of which, the A/T mononucleotide motif and AG/TC and CT/GA dinucleotide motifs were the most abundant. Furthermore, 100 SSR primers were randomly selected to validate amplification and polymorphism, and 88 A. trifoliata accessions were definitively distinguished by 49 primers. With the Qinling mountains and Huaihe River line as the boundaries, the northern and southern accessions were clustered into different groups, but no clear geographical patterns (city or origin) were observed in the southern accessions. These newly identified molecular markers may provide a foundation for the genetic identification and diversity analysis and marker-assisted selection breeding in species of Akebia.